tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-75416553901741039932024-03-13T07:15:08.886-07:00Read college essaysBest Argumentative Term Paper Topicsemmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.comBlogger30125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-54058408823578288822020-08-24T09:28:00.001-07:002020-08-24T09:28:05.013-07:00US Drug Policy essaysUS Drug Policy articles Q. Would the Amsterdam model be a valuable government reaction to psychedelic drug and maryjane use in this nation? Why or why not? Amsterdams coffeehouses and bistros are infamous for the endured trade of hashish and maryjane. This model goes totally against the ethical standards basic the United States sedate approach. The United States sedate arrangement remains by the zero resilience rules. Our medication culture doesn't trust in any such thing as an utilization of an illicit medication, just maltreatment. All in all, why arent the Dutch looking the same number of medication related issues as we seem to be? Is a more free enterprise way to deal with drugs the appropriate response? We arent winning the war on drugs. Obviously the illicit medication use and medication related issues have expanded in the United States. I feel that the Amsterdam model may act a valuable government reaction to drug and cannabis use in the United States. We have had a go at everything from stricter disciplines to spending more dollars on tranquilize avoidance programs. The counter medication law has prompted the criminalization of more medications and the detainment of more medication clients. The expense of preclusion of medications is getting pricier consistently. Lester Grinspoon and James Bakalar expressed, The capture of in excess of 300,000 individuals per year on pot charges contributes the stopping up of courts and the congestion of detainment facilities. Administrative, state, and nearby governments currently spend almost ten billion dollars per year on sedate implementation and several millions more to house and feed street pharmacists and clients in neighborhood, state an d bureaucratic prisons(80). The medication related issues are expanding as opposed to diminishing. Isnt it time that we looked for a superior option in contrast to battling the war on drugs. I am not saying that authorizing all medications is the arrangement. I certainly dont accept that authorizing all medications would work in our general public. I dont feel that our general public is sufficiently adult to deal with the responsib... <! emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-76025343023509224232020-08-22T01:02:00.001-07:002020-08-22T01:02:03.056-07:00Role of Global Mncs in GovernanceQuestion: Examine about theRole of Global MNCs in Governance. Answer: Presentation: In the period of globalization, the spread of tasks of worldwide companies has become remarkable which has prompted humongous riches age. Such is the limit of riches age of these organizations that they overshadow the absolute GDP of a large group of countries including some greater countries. It is assessed that the MNCs create a deals in overabundance of USD 28 trillion yearly and give direct work to more than 70 million individuals internationally. Because of this tremendous spread and riches creation, there emerges the requirement for them to ensure their business advantages which requires aberrant impedance in administration through intrigue with lawmakers and other powerful partners (Cutler, 2003). It is basic that the manufacturing of implied associations with MNCs serves the administration well particularly in immature and creating countries. This is on the grounds that the majority of these countries are offered with rich mineral assets and other factor enrichments however come up short on the imperative capital, innovation and the board to abuse these assets. Subsequently, the national governments leave the line to give these MNCs an empowering domain in order to boost them for setting shop. In any case, simultaneously, the administration winds up surrendering its self-sufficiency by giving up to the benefit making goals of these organizations. In the guise of bringing advancement, these MNCs request charge credits and assurances from the administration with respect to security from nationalization (Detomasi, 2015). There are visit intercessions in the strategy circle which are custom fitted according to these requirements particularly with respect to work guideline. Simult aneously, there are unfriendly ramifications for the household businesses, work and furthermore the nearby condition. Consequently, while these nations expect that they are picking up, there are really not increasing much as the drawn out impacts negative impacts are basically covered up (Cutler, 2003). In the created world, the job of government has subsided since the time Thatcherism has picked up predominance and privatization has increased a strong hold. This outcomes in even fundamental administrations being privatized for the sake of productivity. Notwithstanding, in specific cases, an imposing business model is made which in conspiracy with government officials is misused because of which the purchasers need to pay utility charges that are nonsensically high. An a valid example is that of Enron which has built up a virtual restraining infrastructure on vitality exchanging business the US and consequently could control the power costs by utilizing political contacts (Gourevitch Shinn, 2005). From the abovementioned, it might appear that MNC will in general maltreatment their capacity so as to serve their inclinations. Through the guide of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) quantifies, these MNC can conceivably go about as change operators particularly for the poor countries (Detomasi, 2015). In any case, there is no precluding that on account from securing their financial force, MNC would keep on going about as noteworthy players in the administration. The essential methodology is to guarantee that responsibility of utilization of this force is improved through worldwide measures by including buyer mindfulness. Likewise, the state guideline component should be reinforced in order to restore sufficient balanced governance to forestall maltreatment of intensity (Abbott Snidal, 2009). References Abbott, KW Snidal, D 2009, Strengthening global guideline through transnational new administration, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law,vol. 42, no.2, pp. 501578 Cutler, C 2003, Private force and worldwide position: Transnational dealer law in the worldwide political economy, fourth ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Detomasi, D 2015, The Multinational Corporation as a Political Actor: Varieties of Capitalism Revisited, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 128, No.3, pp.685-700 Gourevitch, PA Shinn, J 2005, Political force corporate control: The new worldwide legislative issues of corporate administration. third ed., Princeton University Press, Princeton emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-21549209978881857332020-07-19T11:09:00.001-07:002020-07-19T11:09:02.872-07:00Hancock, JohnHancock, John Hancock, John, 1737â"93, political leader in the American Revolution, signer of the Declaration of Independence, b. Braintree, Mass. From an uncle he inherited Boston's leading mercantile firm, and naturally he opposed the Stamp Act (1765) and other British trade restrictions. In 1768 his ship Liberty was seized as a smuggler and confiscated by the crown. A riot ensued, and later the ship was burned. Hancock was hailed as a martyr and elected (1766) to the legislature, where he joined Samuel Adams in advocating resistance to England. In 1775, Gen. Thomas Gage issued a warrant for their arrest, but they escaped. Hancock was a member (1775â"80, 1785â"86) and president (1775â"77, 1785â"86) of the Continental Congress. His name appears first (and largest) on the Declaration of Independence, and the term John Hancock is often used to mean a signature. He was governor of Massachusetts (1780â"85, 1787â"93). See biographies by L. Sears (1912, repr. 1972), W. T. Baxter (1945 ), H. S. Allan (1948), and F. Wagner (1964). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-84829253305781254842020-05-21T20:45:00.001-07:002020-05-21T20:45:04.878-07:00My Writing Style And Writing - 890 Words Writing was never a known weakness of mine. However, I could never confidently call it a strength. Throughout the course of this semester, my writing style has evolved and I have rid my writing of many habitual mistakes. I have learned to appreciate writing much more, and enjoy the moments where my mind meets words on a paper. Creativity has always been one of my strong suits, but through this course I catered my creativity to compose a variety of essays and speeches. Likewise, public speaking is something that I did not struggle with in the past, yet the structure of the class required a video speeches which was fairly new to me. All in all, I have been able to identify and modify gaps in my composition of writing and speech as a result of this course. In high school, I took both AP English Language and AP English Literature. These courses prepared me well for college composition courses, but left me in the dark regarding the personal style development in writing and writing patterns. I was trapped in the high school, five-paragraph essay form that constricted my thoughts for so long. Discourse 300 enabled me to move past the form and explore new ways to compose writing. This in turn has made my thoughts more complex and concise. I have learned to sustain a logical argument in a much more organized manner and justify it as well. My writing was finally rid of all the ââ¬Å"fluffâ⬠and ââ¬Å"paddingâ⬠that was a necessity in high school to reach a word count. Another improvement I madeShow MoreRelatedMy Writing And Writing Style Essay1300 Words à |à 6 Pagesbutterfly, my writing style transformed from something mediocre to something quite exceptional. In high school, even when I took advanced placement English and Lit erature courses, I was never good at writing. My writing would lack structure, reasoning, syntax, and a well-defined thesis statement. My inadequate grades on writing assignments lowered my self-esteem, so I assumed I would never enjoy writing papers because I believed I could never improve. However, since attending a university my writing styleRead MoreMy Writing Style Of Writing905 Words à |à 4 PagesThroughout this class I have learn many different writing styles. We used APA form of writing to type our paper and essay. 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I do think about the paper that I have to write, but I do not put thoughts and ideas into a paper or outlineRead More My writing styles Essay786 Words à |à 4 PagesMy writing styles There are many writing styles that many people pick up as they go through there many years of schooling. Each person picks up the same type of writing styles but as years go by people seem to pick up there own little types of writing style that separates them from everyone else. As I have gone through many years of English classes I have acquired more and more skills and many more are sure to come as I continue my education. My writing skills have only gotten betterRead MoreMy Personal Writing Style1549 Words à |à 7 Pagespeople speak around 16000 words a day (Huynh). On the other hand, writing is a more formal and concise way of communication than speaking. However, a person need to practice in order to write well. 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My writing style and skills have gone through many changes throughout English 150 but by far there have been three areas where I have seen the most improvement. How I compose and formulate my works, using certain resources and how I integrated them into my paper, how I edit those works, and how well I use the advice and guidance from my peers to help me revise or complete my works. Composing and formulating to me should beRead MoreMy Personal Writing Style1334 Words à |à 6 Pagesown writing styles, and they choose it depends on the situation. I am a college student, so I have opportunities to write academic writings such as essays and e-mails. I am young, so I use informal writing styles such as slang and abbreviation words. I use both Japanese and English. English is not my native language, so I usually use Japanese more often than English. I worked at the restaurant when I was a high school student in Japan, so I have variable acquaintance. I learned that my writing styleRead MoreMy Writing Style And Abilities994 Words à |à 4 PagesFinal Essay Within being enrolled for EN11, as well as EN12, I believe that I have made significant improvements in my writing style and abilities. From the first semester, I struggled with choosing one side of the argument or assignment, focusing on such topic and being more specific about it, rather than incorporating a more general idea of both sides that could be taken. By the end of the semester, I believe I had made noteworthy progress of keying into one idea and focusing on the major detailedRead MoreMy Writing Style Of The Professor961 Words à |à 4 Pagesmost thing that I like with this class is the teaching style of the professor. The professor made the course very interesting, because when I came to the Tuesday class, I can learn the knowledge from the Asian American history, and when I went to the Thursday class, I can listen to my classmatesââ¬â¢ opinion. This is what I like about the teaching style of the professor. I can actually learn things from the class, and I also can discuss with my classmates about the article. In this letter, I will discuss emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-76958321107230511892020-05-06T23:48:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:48:12.493-07:00Psychological Disorders and Treatment - 993 Words Tatiana Saunders PS124: Psychological Disorders and Treatment Prof: Marjorie Vandemark Kaplan University Everyone has a personality with character traits, but when these traits are rigid and self-defeating, they may interfere with functioning and even lead to psychiatric symptoms. A psychological disorder is describe as any disturbance of emotional equilibrium, as manifested in maladaptive behavior and impaired functioning, caused by genetic, physical, chemical, biological, psychological, or social and cultural factors. Schizophrenia is a disease that strikes people in their prime. It does not matter who you are, you can be diagnosis with schizophrenia. Many people all over the world are affected by bipolar disorders. There are twoâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The majority of patients with bipolar disorder will experience significant symptoms before the age of twenty-five years the disorder is complicated by co-occurring alcohol or substance abuse. While treating my client Bobby Lopez for about three months he has shown little signs of improvement, He started out with another therapist and was reassigned to me for a further study. Bobby stated that he started feeling down and didnââ¬â¢t really want to come out his house at times he would push his wife of three years away just because his mood was unstable, Bobby recently had a child who just turned 3 months he has had no interaction with playing or taking care of his child due to his mood. Before Bobby came to see a therapist he was drinking very heavily and would drink for sunrise to sundown to bypass the time and to make himself feel better. As we have been working on his drinking in order to help him to improve his mood disorder. The main goals of humanistic therapy in Bobby case is to find out how he will perceive himself here and now and how he can recognize growth, self-direction and responsibilities. This method is optimistic and attempts to help individuals recognize their strengths by offering a non-judgmental, understanding experience. Bobby since his treatment has become a better father to his wife and his child, he has also gained a job and his mood is gotten a lot better. I also still her Bobby onceShow MoreRelatedPsychological And Psychological Treatment Of Psychological Disorders1709 Words à |à 7 Pagesefficacy of psychological (non-pharmacological) interventions for psychological disorder? 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According to the AmericanRead MoreTreatments For Psychological Disorders And Behavioral Therapy1978 Words à |à 8 Pages2015 Treatments for Psychological Disorders One out of three Americans appear to have needed mental-health treatment at some point within the past two years, according to a study done by Napa Chapter. Mental-health treatments, otherwise known as ââ¬Ëtherapiesââ¬â¢, have become an increasingly common practice among the American people. The cause being the increase in the diagnosing of mental-health disorders. With the number of new, and the increasingly common disorders, a number of therapy treatments haveRead MorePsychodynamic Therapy948 Words à |à 4 PagesAlthough CBT is the most widely practiced psychological therapy for treating anxiety disorders, there are also a number of others, such as psychodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT focuses on helping the patient to become aware of repressed desires and emotions, as well as the hidden meanings in their thoughts and actions, in order to help manage their disorder (Psychotherapy - NHS Choices, 2015). In the treatment of anxiety, research has shown that PDT is significantly more effective than control conditionsRead MorePsy 496 Week 2 Assignment Methodological Issues Article Review1104 Words à |à 5 PagesImplications for research and research training. Practice-based evidence: Back to the future. Psychological treatments: Putting evidence into practice and practice into evidence. Write a three- to four-page article review in which you discuss methodological issues unique to psychological research and analyze basic applied psychological research relevant to the treatment of mental disorders. In your paper, you will discuss the topics of evidence-based practice and practice-based evidenceRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1734 Words à |à 7 PagesAustralian figures of a burden of the disease show that mental health problems occur in approximately 14% of young people aged 4ââ¬â17 years, and 27 % in the 18ââ¬â24-year-old age range. Most mental disorders, for example, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD), anxiety disorder, mood disorder, psychotic disorder, begin during youth 12ââ¬â24 years of age, although they are often first detected later in life (Lawrence et al. 2015). Poor mental health is related to other health and development concerns inRead MoreOnline Psychological Intervention: A Feasible Measure to Red uce Treatment Barriers1003 Words à |à 5 PagesOnline psychological intervention: A feasible measure to reduce barriers to treatment People with mental disorders often find it hard to access psychological treatment. Common barriers to treatment include limited accessibility, unable to afford treatment, fear of what others might think or say, and not knowing where to go for help (Olfson et. al., 2000). Among these barriers, fear of what others might think or say is particularly prominent for people with social anxiety disorder. People withRead MorePsy 496 Week 2 Assignment Methodological Issues Article Review1114 Words à |à 5 PagesImplications for research and research training. Practice-based evidence: Back to the future. Psychological treatments: Putting evidence into practice and practice into evidence. Write a three- to four-page article review in which you discuss methodological issues unique to psychological research and analyze basic applied psychological research relevant to the treatment of mental disorders. In your paper, you will discuss the topics of evidence-based practice and practice-based evidenceRead MoreThe Effectiveness of Medicine in Physiological Disorders Essay995 Words à |à 4 PagesPhysiological disorders are characterized as mental disorders. Any abnormality bizarre reactions concerning behavioral or mental state that occurs frequently and that is eventually affecting the personââ¬â¢s life, is considered a psychological disorder. People who suffer from mental disorders have difficulties relating, socializing, communicating, and building relationships because of their mental state. There is a huge variety of psychological disorders. Some are more dangerous for the person and canRead MoreEssay Anxiety Disorders1302 Words à |à 6 PagesAnxiety Disorders Anxiety is a normal reaction to stressful situations that helps in the coping process for individuals. On some occasions, anxiety may become so severe that it impairs the ability to cope and can create psychosocial impairment. High levels of anxiety that interfere with daily activities and social interaction are considered a psychiatric disorder. Anxiety disorders are treatable and can have profound effects on the psychosocial aspect of the individuals life. This paper will emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-81256140928655322812020-05-06T08:37:00.001-07:002020-05-06T08:37:44.465-07:00Prevention Of Pressure Ulcer Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays Pressure ulcers, or bed sores, or have been impacting worlds for ages, and turn toing the overall bar of force per unit area ulcers is now a outstanding national health care issue. Despite of all the progresss in medical specialty, surgery, nursing attention, force per unit area ulcers still remains a major cause of mortality. Pressure sore is a common job among old people and those who are immobilise or limited activity like post-operative and other bedfast patients. We will write a custom essay sample on Prevention Of Pressure Ulcer Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now ( Bergstorm, 2005 ) Many surveies province that aged are prone for force per unit area ulcer throughout the universe and its going a important issue ( Nakagami et al. , 2007 ) . Pressure ulcer can be defined as a type of hurt that affects countries of the tegument or implicit in tissue of the organic structure due to application of excessively much force per unit area on it. ( Grey et al 2006 ) It develops as a consequence of tissue mortification of the tegument over the bony prominence, due to the obstructor of the blood vass flow caused by the application continual force per unit area on it. ( Lyder, 2003 ) The entire outgo for the bar of force per unit area ulcer is well less when compared to its intervention ( Lapsley H M and Vogels R, 1996 ) . It can do terrible frailty and high health-care outgo. The estimated one-year disbursal for the bar and intervention of force per unit area ulcers has been expected about ?1.4 to ?2.1 billion in the United Kingdom and is measured as a monolithic economic job ( Bennet et al. , 2004 ) . After malignant neoplastic disease and cardio vascular disease, force per unit area ulcers are the 3rd most money devouring disease ( Schoonhoven et al. , 2002 ) Harmonizing to European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel ( EPUAP ) the happening rates of force per unit area ulcers are runing from 8-23 % . In acute attention infirmaries in the western states the reported prevalence has wide-ranging between 9-22 % . Bettering the criterion of force per unit area ulcer attention could inià ¬Ã¢â¬Å¡uence the estimated one-year outgo and quality of life ( Tannen A et al. , 2004 ) . Harmonizing to Whittington et Al ( 2000 ) the prevalence of 15 % of force per unit area ulcers are recorded on admittance, whereas for the 60 % of the persons there was no specific information about the presence or absence of the force per unit area ulcers. In another survey, it is clear that 12.8 % have already had the frailty on their admittance. Harmonizing to Rycroft-Malone, ( 2000 ) A force per unit area ulcers can develop at any country of the organic structure, but normally occurs over cadaverous prominences. ( Murdoch, 2002 ; Jones, 2001 ) The countries can supposed to develop force per unit area sores are sacrum, heels, cubituss and dorsum of the caput. The visual aspect of force per unit area sore is really fast and therefore the early appraisal and stairss to forestall is really necessary ( George and Malkenson, 2008 ) . Pressure strength and continuance are the two chief factors for the force per unit area ulcer formation because of force per unit area. Pressure strength is the volume of external force per unit area applied on internal tissues whereas continuance is the sum of external force is sustained by internal tissues ( Cullum et al. , 2000 ) Harmonizing to NICE guidelines ( 2003 ) the hazard factors act uponing to develop force per unit area ulcer in an single includes intrinsic hazard factors and extrinsic hazard factors. The intrinsic hazard factors such as decreased mobility or stationariness, centripetal damage, acute unwellness, degree of consciousness, extremes of age, vascular disease, terrible chronic or terminal unwellness, old history of force per unit area harm, malnutrition and desiccation. And extrinsic hazard factors are force per unit area, shear, and clash. Shear is defined as the applied force that can do an opposite, parallel skiding gesture in the planes of an object. The sum of force per unit area exerted has got a direct affect on Shear. ( Pieper B, 2007, Nix DP, 2007 ) . Clash is defined as a superficial, mechanical force directed against the cuticle, ensuing in increased susceptibleness to ulceration ( Pieper B. , 2007 ) . Pressure ulcers are classified harmonizing to different phases as defined by the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel ( NPUAP ) . Originally there were merely four phases, but in February 2007 these phases were revised and two more classs such as deep tissue hurt and unstageable were added to it. Phase IA -Redness of a localised country, normally over a cadaverous prominence. Darkly pigmented tegument may non hold seeable blanching ; as its coloring material may differ from the environing country. Phase IIA ââ¬â loss of partial thickness corium demoing as a shallow unfastened ulcer with a ruddy or tap lesion bed, without any gangrene. It may besides show as or open or ruptured serum filled blisters. Phase IIIA ââ¬â The bed of hypodermic fatA may be seen but bone, musculus or sinews are non exposed. Slough may be present but does non cover the deepness of tissue loss. Phase IVA ââ¬â exposure of bone, sinew or musculus. Slough or may be present on some parts of the lesion bed. UnstageableA ââ¬â Loss of the thickness of the tegument in which in which the base of the ulcer is covered by gangrene ( xanthous, tan, grey, green or brown ) in the lesion bed. Deep tissue InjuryA ââ¬â Purple or maroon localised country of discolored tegument or blood-filled blister due to damage of implicit in soft tissue due to force per unit area. The country may be preceded by tissue that is house, painful, and mushy compared to next tissue. ( NPUAP 2007 ) To forestall the formation of force per unit area sores nurses are following a assortment of steps such as hazard appraisal and hazard appraisal tools, altering the place of the bedfast patients on a regular basis, inspecting the force per unit area country on a regular basis and while making personal attention, using unctions or picks over the force per unit area countries, supplying comfy mattresses such as air bed, H2O mattress for the bedridden and immobilise patients, puting pillows under the topographic points prone to organize force per unit area ulcer for the vulnerable peoples, maximise nutritionary position, etc. However the efficiency of all these methods is in treatment and statement. This essay study will collate all the assorted available literatures sing the bar of force per unit area ulcer and suggest the better and good pattern to forestall the formation of force per unit area sore among the high hazard people. The criterion of nursing attention is really of import for the bar and direction of force per unit area ulcers. The lovingness of patients, who are at hazard with force per unit area ulcer, is the chief challenge for nurses ( Sinclair et al. , 2004 ) . Harmonizing to Lewis M et Al 2003 the first measure nurses should do out is the hazard appraisal of patients and it is better to place the patient at hazard in the early phases, so we can forestall the force per unit area sores. It consists of degree of mobility, nutritionary position, degree of consciousness and neurological position, incontinency, centripetal damage, complete patient history, and physical and psychosocial scrutiny measuring mental position and cognitive ability. To back up health professionals there are assessment graduated tables to place the patients at hazard. Harmonizing to Walker D K et Al 2010 tegument attention and wet are indispensable to forestall force per unit area sore. Keeping skin unity is of import for the patient`s at hazard. Furthermore inordinate of wet and waterlessness can breakdown the skin`s opposition. Wherever wet is present, it is of import to clean the part exhaustively. Patients identified at hazard should be bathed one time a twenty-four hours. PH balanced cleansing agent is used to protect the tegument from wet and waterlessness, it is a natural protection mechanism of a tegument. When cleansing the skin day-to-day or in the presence of wet, it is necessary non to utilize utmost force or clash. Eventhough wet can non be controlled, usage skin barriers to protect tegument from wet. Dry tegument besides needs to be prevented by utilizing a pH-balanced moisturizer. The surveies conducted by saleh et Al, ( 2008 ) and Lindergren et al. , ( 2002 ) evidenced that usage of hazard appraisal graduated table is successful in foretelling the formation of force per unit area sore ( Decubitus Ulcer ) .The surveies substantiated the function of hazard appraisal graduated tables and their utility in the bar and direction of force per unit area sores. Harmonizing to Lindergren et al. , 2002 states the dependability of hazard rating graduated table in the anticipation of force per unit area sore formation. However, the alteration conducted by saleh et Al. ( 2008 ) , argues about the decrease in the happening of clinical acquired force per unit area tonss through the regular application of hazard appraisal graduated tables. Their acquisition besides states that opinion of clinical appraisal is besides same valuable as associate with the sensing of force per unit area sore through hazard appraisal graduated table. In add-on, Defloor and Grypdonck, ( 2004 ) besides stated that appraisal tools have a critical function for the bar of force per unit area sore. There are many restrictions for the hazard appraisal tools which may take to supply incorrect positive consequences. The dependability, specificity and feeling of the graduated table are influenced by the preventative method applications. Nurses are utilizing a assortment of hazard appraisal tools based on practical experience they acquired. The hazard appraisal tools are assessed by agencies of numerical tonss. The variables like degree of continency, medicines and nutritionary position will give an mean mark for the hazard patients ( Whitening, N. L. , 2009 ) . Braden graduated table is the universally used hazard appraisal graduated table which includes the variables like centripetal perceptual experience, activity, mobility, wet and the nutritionary position. The hazard appraisal graduated table works in such a manner that every bit shor tly as the patient admitted in the infirmary two measure rating is carried out within the first six hours. The two stairss include the skin appraisal and the hazard appraisal to place the possibility of formation of force per unit area sore ( O ââ¬Ë Neil, 2004 ) . Frequent rating and appraisal should be done in every consequent rating at every 12 hours on patients who are at high hazard.In the same manner patients who are at low hazard besides needs to be evaluate often to detect or to place any new hazard factors and supplying suited preventative steps ( O ââ¬Ë Neil, 2004 ) . The most normally used tool measuring the force per unit area sore in U.K is the Waterlow force per unit area ulcer hazard appraisal tool. And it is user friendly and recommended by the nurses in U.K. Pancorbo-hidalgo et Al. ( 2006 ) , suggests that the Waterlow force per unit area ulcer hazard appraisal tool has good force per unit area sore thinking ability and sensitiveness which may ensue to acquire incorrect positive consequences. With the waterlow force per unit area ulcer hazard assessment tool among the seven assessment surveies conducted by pancorbo-hidalgo, P.L. et Al. ( 2006 ) they got merely few findings with corrects values. Bergstorm et Al. ( 2001 ) agrees that hazard appraisal is done by graduated tables like Braden graduated table or the Norton graduated table in the infirmaries which is more dependable. However there is no universally accepted hazard appraisal tool to be adopted to forestall force per unit area sore. Besides this, the use of the hazard appraisal tools has their ain bounds in clinical systems. Alternatively, Saleh et Al. ( 2008 ) argues that medical opinion is successful as hazard appraisal tools to find the suited to be delivered. Nevertheless, Pancorbo-Hidalgo et Al, ( 2006 ) Braden and Norton graduated tables were noticed to be good once more at hazard computation than the scientific opinions. On the other manus, harmonizing to NICE guidelines ( 2003 ) hazard appraisal tools can merely be used as an aide-memoire and should non replace clinical judgement. Normal supply of O and foods are indispensable for the tissues, to keep wellness. ( Gottrup 2004 ) . When patients sitting or lying, the force per unit area signifier peculiar portion of the organic structure consequences in the lessening of O causes force per unit area sore ( Defloor 2005 ) . The survey conducted by Kaitani et al. , 2010, Vanderwee et al. , 2007 and Pearson et al. , 2010 reveals the importance of altering the place for the bed ridden or immobilise patient in forestalling force per unit area sore happening. Their surveies evidenced the effectivity of shifting in regular intervals among the vulnerable patients. Repositioning is considered as an effectual control method against force per unit area sores ( decubitus ulcer ) . Harmonizing to Vanderwee et al. , ( 2007 ) the effectivity of force of force per unit area greater in sideway place. He besides suggested that supine place is the comfy place to cut down the consequence of force per unit area on the bony prominence . The experiment conducted by Vanderwee et Al. ( 2007 reveals that more regular repositioning does non really diminish the happening of force per unit area sore. But he recognizes that turning of patients is an effective preventative method. The incidence of force per unit area ulcer is more in patients who are lying down in side manner place. The hazard has been reduced when the patients are lying down in supine place. On the other manus the survey conducted by Peterson et Al. ( 2010 ) argues that the effectivity of shifting is less or non dependable even though it is done by any experient nurse. And he found that after keeping an appropriate force per unit area below 33 millimeter of Hg cut down the incidence of force per unit area ulcer. He states that by making this there is still opportunity of happening force per unit area sore in the hazard countries. While turning the patient they are non droping the all countries prone to coerce consequence with the tegument. Even though the standard methods for forestalling force per unit area sores are maintained the tegument dislocation go oning as the hazard countries are non relieved from force per unit area. The survey conducted by Kaitani et Al. ( 2010 ) evidenced that patients enduring from force per unit area sore have done merely a fewer alteration of placement and turning. In their surveies they states that they did nââ¬â¢t noticed any patient s with force per unit area sore who has been changed their place often in a regular intervals. From the findings of Hobbs ( 2004 ) besides reveals that there is no diminution of incidence in force per unit area sore in the infirmary due to the everyday repositioning on older people. Similarly Peterson et al 2010 found that still the incidence of force per unit area ulcer are increasing in the clinical scenes where standard turning of patients has already been done. In EPUAP guidelines ( 2009 ) , suggests that shifting is an effectual method which will diminish the extent and happening of force per unit area over susceptible points like sacrum, heels, cubituss and dorsum of the caput bony prominences. However, there was no research survey conducted by any research workers to cipher the clip spread needed to turn the patient that means there is no grounds of turning intervals from any old surveies or researches. It is really of import to inspect the support surface while making shifting. Patient must be repositioned in regularity after inspecting the tissue viability, call uping degree, medical status and rating of skin unity. It is besides subjected by the supportive surface So shifting can cut down the incidence of force per unit area sore to an extent. In infirmaries and wellness attention places it is suggested that shifting to be done in every 4 hours and by the usage of air mattress the incidence of the happening of force per unit area sore can be prevented. Many of the patient ââ¬Ës feels really discomfort while turning often, to avoid frequent turning force per unit area cut downing support surfaces can be used to alleviate force per unit area. Importantly force per unit area alleviating support surface devices has critical function in the bar of force per unit area. Harmonizing to Cullum et al. , 2001 it is divided into two, low tech devices and high tech devices. Low tech devices are soothing support surface to distribute the organic structure weight over an country whereas high devices are jumping support surface where inflatable cells consecutively inflate and deflate. Harmonizing to Lewis M, et Al ( 2003 ) if the patients holding a moderate to high possibility of developing force per unit area sore, dynamic support surfaces include a big cell jumping force per unit area mattress, a low air loss or air fluidized bed, or other force per unit area redistributing systems can be recommended. In a survey conducted by Nixon et Al ( 2006 ) found that in operating tabular arraies, specialized froth mattress sheathings are effectual to cut down the incidence of postoperative force per unit area sores while in other scenes, specialized froth and sheathings were the lone surfaces that were invariably better to standard infirmary mattresses in cut downing incidence of force per unit area ulcers. To diminish the contact between bony prominences and support surfaces, pillows and froths are used. In add-on to that for cut downing the clash and shearing harm, raising devices such as slide sheets, slings or arms can be used to travel the patients. On the other manus, it is ill-defined about the grounds for the advantages of higher-specification changeless low-pressure and alternating-pressure support surfaces for forestalling force per unit area sores. However, there is clinical grounds of a difference in hazard of developing force per unit area ulcers when utilizing high-specification froth mattresses, compared to standard infirmary mattresses. ( Nice 2005 ) Decisions for force per unit area alleviating device should find at hazard appraisal. It must include degree of hazard, comfort, patient`s penchants, general wellness and timing of the surgery. . The surveies conducted by Holm et Al. ( 2007 ) and Ferguson et Al. ( 2000 ) evidenced the significance of nutrition in force per unit area ulcer bar. This survey suggests that older people are largely affected due to coerce ulcer. This is because of their less skin unity and low nutritionary position. The nutritionary position of the aged people is normally related with the degree of consumption of nutrient and fluids along with assorted nursing intercession methods ( Holm et al. , 2007 ) . Management of force per unit area sore and its intervention closely related with the clients nutritionary position. The people with less nutritionary position have a high hazard of happening of force per unit area ulcer. The nutritionary position of the patient has to be assessed by the nurse ab initio. Adequate measure of proteins, Calories, minerals, vitamins and fluids are necessary to keep the tegument unity and lesion healing publicity ( Ferguson et al. , 2000 ) . The promotion and direction of force per unit area sore extremely influenced by their nutritionary position. For making an successful preventative steps it is indispensable to carried out with proper nutritionary rating techniques and planning ( Ferguson et al. , 2000 ) .pressure sore and nutritionary position are closely related to each other and are straight relative to each other.patients who are with less nutritionary position or malnourished are likely to be more prone to develop force per unit area sore ( Thomas, 1997 ) .To cut down the incidence both dietitians and nurses should work jointly. To measure the nutritionary position of the patient and the degree of undernourishment and proper planning and intercessions to be done to better the position if unequal ( Ferguson et al. , 2000 ) .According to EPUAP ( 2009 ) recommendation every wellness attention system should make testing and rating trials of the nutritionary degree of the vulnerable people who are at hazard of force per unit area sore. Pressure sore in bulk instances are preventable and governable. A targeted control step is far better than indicating on handling antecedently recognized force per unit area sores. Preventive steps to fraudulences ( force per unit area ) sore saves clip and money. By making an effectual preventative techniques can besides understate the loss of energy and decrease in the work burden over the wellness attention bringing force ââ¬Ës and staffs chiefly nurses. Bergstrom N. , Braden B. , Kemp M. , Champagne M. A ; Ruby E. ( 1998 ) Predicting Pressure ulcer hazard. A multisite survey of the prognostic cogency of the Braden graduated table. Nursing Research. 47 ( 5 ) , p.261-26 Bergstrom N, Braden B. A prospective survey of force per unit area sore hazard among institutionalised elderly. J Am Geriatric S Bennett G, Dealey C, Posnett J. The cost of force per unit area ulcers in the UK. Age Ageing 2004 ; 33:230-5 Cullum N, Nelson EA, Nixon J ( 2000 ) Pressure sores. Clinical Evidence: 979-98 Defloor, T. and Grypdonck, M. F. ( 2004 ) Validation of force per unit area ulcer hazard appraisal graduated tables: a review. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 48 ( 6 ) , p. 613-621. Defloor T, De Bacquer D, Grypdonck MH. The consequence of assorted combinations of turning and force per unit area cut downing devices on the incidence of force per unit area ulcers. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2005 ; 42 ( 1 ) :37-46. European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel and National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel ( 2009 ) force per unit area Ulcer Prevention Quick Reference Guide. NPtJAP, Washington DC. Ferguson, M. , Cook, A. , Rimmasch, H. , Bender, S. and Voss, A. ( 2000 ) Pressure ulcer direction: the importance of nutrition. MEDSURG Nursing, 9 ( 4 ) . Gottrup F. ( 2004 ) Oxygen in lesion healing and infection. World Journal of Surgery ; 28 ( 3 ) :312-5. Gray, J.E.Enoch, S.Harding, K.G. ( 2006 ) ABC of wound healing.Pressure ulcers.British medical journal.332.p.472-476 Holm, B. , Mesh, L. , and Ove, H. ( 2007 ) . Importance of nutrition for aged individuals with force per unit area ulcers or a exposure of force per unit area ulcers: a systematic reappraisal. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25 ( 1 ) , p. 77-84. Jones I, Tweed C, Marron M ( 2001 ) A Pressure country attention in babies and kids: Nimbus Paediatric System.A Br J NursA 10 ( 12 ) : 789-95. Kaitani, T. , Tokunaga, K. , Matsui, N. and Sanada, H. ( 2010 ) . Hazard factors related to the development of force per unit area ulcers in the critical attention scenes. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19, 414-421. Lewis, M. , Pearson, A. , Ward, C. ( 2003 ) Pressure ulcer bar and intervention: Transforming research findings into consensus based clinical guidelines. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 9, p.92-102. Lindgren, M. , Unosson, M. and Krantz, A. M. ( 2002 ) A hazard appraisal graduated table for the anticipation of force per unit area sore development: dependability and cogency. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 38, p.190-199. Lyder, C. , Yu C, Stevenson, D. , Mangat, R. , Empleo- Frazier, O. , Emerling, J. and McKay J. Validating the Braden Scale for the anticipation of force per unit area ulcer hazard in inkinesss and Latino/Hispanic seniors: a pilot survey ( 1998 ) . Ostomy Wound Manage. 44 ( 3A ) p.42S-49S. Murdoch V ( 2002 ) A Pressure attention in the pediatric attention unit.A Nursing standardA 17 ( 6 ) : 71-6 National Institute for Clinical Excellence. ( 2003 ) Pressure ulcer bar. Clinical guideline 7. Nix DP. Support surfaces. In: Bryant R, Nix D, eds. Acute A ; Chronic Wounds: Current Management Concepts. 3rd erectile dysfunction. St Louis MO: Mosby ; 2007:235-248. Nixon, J. , Nelson, E.A. , Cranny, G. , Iglesias, C.P. , Hawkins, K. , Cullum, N.A. , Philips, A. , Splisbury, K. , Dorgerson, D.J. , Mason, S.,2006b. Pressure alleviating support surfaces: a randomized rating. Health Technology Assessment 10 ( 22 ) Nakagami G. , Sakai K. , Matsui N. , Sanada H. , Kitagawa A. , Tadaka E. and Sugama J. ( 2008 ) Validation and finding of the feeling country of the KINOTEX detector to develop a new mattress with an interface pressure-sensing system. Life science National Pressure Ulce Advisory Panel ( NPUAP ) ( 2007, February ) .A Pressure ulcer definition and phases. Retrieved 4/13/2007, fromA hypertext transfer protocol: //www.npuap.org Pancorbo-Hidalgo, P. L. , Garcia-Fernandez, F. P. , Lopez-Medina, I. M. and Alvarez- Nieto, C. ( 2006 ) Risk appraisal graduated tables for force per unit area ulcer bar: a systematic reappraisal. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 54, p. 94-110. Peterson, J. M. , Schwab, W. , Oostrom, V. H. J. , Gravenstein, N.and Caruso, J. L. ( 2010 ) . Consequence of turning on skin-bed interface in healthy grownups. Journal of advanced Nursing, 66 ( 7 ) , p. 1556-1564. Pieper B. Mechanical forces: force per unit area, shear, and clash. In: Bryant R, Nix D, eds. Acute A ; Chronic Wounds: Current Management Concepts. 3rd erectile dysfunction. St Louis, MO: Mosby ; 2007:205-234. Rycroft-Malone J and McInnes EA ( 2000 ) Pressure ulcer hazard appraisal and prevention-technical study London, A Royal College of Nursing Saleh, M. , Anthony, D. and Parboteeah, S. ( 2009 ) . The impact of force per unit area ulcer hazard appraisal on patient results among hospitalised patients. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 18, p. 1923-1929 Schoonhoven, L. , Haalboom, J, R, E. , Bousema, M, T. , Algra, A. , Grobbee, D, E. , Grypdonck, M, H. , Buskens, E. ( 2002 ) Prospective cohort survey of everyday usage of hazard appraisal graduated tables for anticipation of force per unit area ulcers. BMJ, 325, p.1-5. Sinclair, L. , Berwiczonek, H. and Thurston, N. ( 2004 ) Evaluation of an grounds based instruction plan for force per unit area ulcer bar. Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing. 31 ( 1 ) , p. 43-50. Tannen A, Dassen T, Bours G, Halfens RJG. A comparing of force per unit area ulcers prevalence: concerted informations aggregation in the Netherlands and Germany. Int J Nurs Stud 2004 ; 41:607-12 Thomas, D. R. The function of nutrition in bar and healing of force per unit area ulcers. ( 1997 ) . Clinical Geriatric Medicine. 13, p. 497-511. Vanderwee, K. , Grypdonck, M. and Defloor, T. ( 2007 ) Non-blanchable erythema as an index for the demand for force per unit area ulcer bar: a randomized-controlled test Journal of Clinical Nursing.16, p.325-335. Walker D K, Sell S V, Kindred C. ( 2010 ) Pressure Ulcer Prevention Utilizing Unlicensed Assistive Personnel Crit Care Nurs Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 348-355 Whitening, N.L. ( 2009 ) Skin appraisal of patients at hazard of force per unit area ulcers. Nursing Standard. 24 ( 10 ) , p.40-44. Whittington, K. , Patrick, M. , Roberts, J, L. ( 2000 ) A national survey of force per unit area ulcer prevalence and incidence in ague attention infirmaries. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence, 27, p. 209-215. How to cite Prevention Of Pressure Ulcer Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-51976630740194495832020-04-26T08:53:00.001-07:002020-04-26T08:53:03.818-07:00Memory system free essay sample Assume that 32 bits of data are transferred in parallel. If a 133-MHz clock is used, how much time does it take to transfer: (a) 32 bytes of data (b) 64 bytes of data What is the latency in each case? 5. 5 Criticize the following statement: ââ¬Å"Using a faster processor chip results in a corresponding increase in performance of a computer even if the main memory speed remains the same. â⬠5. 6 A program consists of two nested loops ââ¬â a small inner loop and a much larger outer loop. The general structure of the program is given in Figure P5. 1. The decimal memory addresses shown delineate the location of the two loops and the beginning and end of the total program. All memory locations in the various sections, 17ââ¬â22, 23ââ¬â164, 165ââ¬â239, and so on, contain instructions to be executed in straight-line sequencing. The program is to be run on a computer that has an instruction cache organized in the direct-mapped manner (see Figure 5. We will write a custom essay sample on Memory system or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 15) and that has the following parameters: Main memory size 64K words Cache size 1K words Block size 128 words START 17 23 165 Inner loop executed 20 times Outer loop executed 10 times 239 1200 END 1500 Figure P5. 1 A program structure for Problem 5. 6. Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright à © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl 362 CHAPTER 5 â⬠¢ THE MEMORY SYSTEM The cycle time of the main memory is 10? s, and the cycle time of the cache is 1? s. (a) Specify the number of bits in the TAG, BLOCK, and WORD ? elds in main memory addresses. (b) Compute the total time needed for instruction fetching during execution of the program in Figure P5. 1. 5. 7 A computer uses a small direct-mapped cache between the main memory and the processor. The cache has four 16-bit words, and each word has an associated 13-bit tag, as shown in Figure P5. 2a. When a miss occurs during a read operation, the requested word is read from the main memory and sent to the processor. At the same time, it is copied into the cache, and its block number is stored in the associated tag. Consider the following loop in a program where all instructions and operands are 16 bits long: LOOP 13 bits 0 16 bits Tag Data Add (R1)+,R0 Decrement R2 BNE LOOP 054E A03C 2 05D9 4 10D7 6 (a) Cache (b) Main memory Figure P5. 2 Cache and main memory contents in Problem 5. 7. Assume that, before this loop is entered, registers R0, R1, and R2 contain 0, 054E, and 3, respectively. Also assume that the main memory contains the data shown in Figure P5. 2b, where all entries are given in hexadecimal notation. The loop starts at location LOOP = 02EC. (a) Show the contents of the cache at the end of each pass through the loop. (b) Assume that the access time of the main memory is 10? and that of the cache is 1? . Calculate the execution time for each pass. Ignore the time taken by the processor between memory cycles. 5. 8 Repeat Problem 5. 7, assuming only instructions are stored in the cache. Data operands are fetched directly from the main memory and not copied into the cache. Why does this choice lead to faster execution than when both instructions and data are written into the cache? Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright à © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl PROBLEMS 5. 9 363 A block-set-associative cache consists of a total of 64 blocks divided into 4-block sets. The main memory contains 4096 blocks, each consisting of 128 words. (a) How many bits are there in a main memory address? (b) How many bits are there in each of the TAG, SET, and WORD ? elds? 5. 10 A computer system has a main memory consisting of 1M 16-bit words. It also has a 4K-word cache organized in the block-set-associative manner, with 4 blocks per set and 64 words per block. (a) Calculate the number of bits in each of the TAG, SET, and WORD ? elds of the main memory address format. (b) Assume that the cache is initially empty. Suppose that the processor fetches 4352 words from locations 0, 1, 2, . . . , 4351, in that order. It then repeats this fetch sequence nine more times. If the cache is 10 times faster than the main memory, estimate the improvement factor resulting from the use of the cache. Assume that the LRU algorithm is used for block replacement. 5. 11 Repeat Problem 5. 10, assuming that whenever a block is to be brought from the main memory and the corresponding set in the cache is full, the new block replaces the most recently used block of this set. 5. 12 Section 5. 5. 3 illustrates the effect of different cache-mapping techniques, using the program in Figure 5. 19. Suppose that this program is changed so that in the second loop the elements are handled in the same order as in the ? rst loop, that is, the control for the second loop is speci? ed as for i := 0 to 9 do Derive the equivalents of Figures 5. 20 through 5. 22 for this program. What conclusions can be drawn from this exercise? 5. 13 A byte-addressable computer has a small data cache capable of holding eight 32-bit words. Each cache block consists of one 32-bit word. When a given program is executed, the processor reads data from the following sequence of hex addresses: 200, 204, 208, 20C, 2F4, 2F0, 200, 204, 218, 21C, 24C, 2F4 This pattern is repeated four times. (a) Show the contents of the cache at the end of each pass through this loop if a directmapped cache is used. Compute the hit rate for this example. Assume that the cache is initially empty. (b) Repeat part (a) for an associative-mapped cache that uses the LRU replacement algorithm. (c) Repeat part (a) for a four-way set-associative cache. 5. 14 Repeat Problem 5. 13, assuming that each cache block consists of two 32-bit words. For part (c), use a two-way set-associative cache. Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright à © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl 364 CHAPTER 5 â⬠¢ THE MEMORY SYSTEM 5. 15 How might the value of k in the interleaved memory system of Figure 5. 25b in? uence block size in the design of a cache memory to be used with the system? 5. 16 In many computers the cache block size is in the range of 32 to 128 bytes. What would be the main advantages and disadvantages of making the size of cache blocks larger or smaller? 5. 17 Consider the effectiveness of interleaving with respect to the size of cache blocks. Using calculations similar to those in Section 5. 6. 2, estimate the performance improvement for block sizes of 16, 8, and 4 words. Assume that all words loaded into the cache are accessed by the processor at least once. 5. 18 Assume a computer has L1 and L2 caches, as discussed in Section 5. 6. 3. The cache blocks consist of 8 words. Assume that the hit rate is the same for both caches and that it is equal to 0. 95 for instructions and 0. 90 for data. Assume also that the times needed to access an 8-word block in these caches are C1 = 1 cycle and C2 = 10 cycles. (a) What is the average access time experienced by the processor if the main memory uses interleaving? Assume that the memory access parameters are as described in Section 5. 6. 1. (b) What is the average access time if the main memory is not interleaved? (c) What is the improvement obtained with interleaving? 5. 19 Repeat Problem 5. 18, assuming that a cache block consists of 4 words. Estimate an appropriate value for C2 , assuming that the L2 cache is implemented with SRAM chips. 5. 20 Consider the following analogy for the concept of caching. A serviceman comes to a house to repair the heating system. He carries a toolbox that contains a number of tools that he has used recently in similar jobs. He uses these tools repeatedly, until he reaches a point where other tools are needed. It is likely that he has the required tools in his truck outside the house. But, if the needed tools are not in the truck, he must go to his shop to get them. Suppose we argue that the toolbox, the truck, and the shop correspond to the L1 cache, the L2 cache, and the main memory of a computer. How good is this analogy? Discuss its correct and incorrect features. 5. 21 A 1024 ? 1024 array of 32-bit numbers is to be ââ¬Å"normalizedâ⬠as follows. For each column, the largest element is found and all elements of the column are divided by this maximum value. Assume that each page in the virtual memory consists of 4K bytes, and that 1M bytes of the main memory are allocated for storing data during this computation. Suppose that it takes 40 ms to load a page from the disk into the main memory when a page fault occurs. (a) How many page faults would occur if the elements of the array are stored in column order in the virtual memory? (b) How many page faults would occur if the elements are stored in row order? (c) Estimate the total time needed to perform this normalization for both arrangements (a) and (b). Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright à © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl PROBLEMS 365 5. 22 Consider a computer system in which the available pages in the physical memory are divided among several application programs. When all the pages allocated to a program are full and a new page is needed, the new page must replace one of the resident pages. The operating system monitors the page transfer activity and dynamically adjusts the page allocation to various programs. Suggest a suitable strategy that the operating system can use to minimize the overall rate of page transfers. 5. 23 In a computer with a virtual-memory system, the execution of an instruction may be interrupted by a page fault. What state information has to be saved so that this instruction can be resumed later? Note that bringing a new page into the main memory involves a DMA transfer, which requires execution of other instructions. Is it simpler to abandon the interrupted instruction and completely reexecute it later? Can this be done? 5. 24 When a program generates a reference to a page that does not reside in the physical main memory, execution of the program is suspended until the requested page is loaded into the main memory. What dif? culties might arise when an instruction in one page has an operand in a different page? What capabilities must the processor have to handle this situation? 5. 25 A disk unit has 24 recording surfaces. It has a total of 14,000 cylinders. There is an average of 400 sectors per track. Each sector contains 512 bytes of data. (a) What is the maximum number of bytes that can be stored in this unit? (b) What is the data transfer rate in bytes per second at a rotational speed of 7200 rpm? (c) Using a 32-bit word, suggest a suitable scheme for specifying the disk address, assuming that there are 512 bytes per sector. 5. 26 The seek time plus rotational delay in accessing a particular data block on a disk is usually much longer than the data ? ow period for most disk transfers. Consider a long sequence of accesses to the 3. 5-inch disk given as an example in Section 5. 9. 1, for either Read or Write operations in which the average block being accessed is 8K bytes long. (a) Assuming that the blocks are randomly located on the disk, estimate the average percentage of the total time occupied by seek operations and rotational delays. (b) Repeat part (a) for the situation in which the disk accesses have been arranged so that in 90 percent of the cases, the next access will be to a data block on the same cylinder. 5. 27 The average seek time and rotational delay in a disk system are 6 ms and 3 ms, respectively. The rate of data transfer to or from the disk is 30 Mbytes/sec and all disk accesses are for 8 Kbytes of data. Disk DMA controllers, the processor, and the main memory are all attached to a single bus. The bus data width is 32 bits, and a bus transfer to or from the main memory takes 10 nanoseconds. (a) What is the maximum number of disk units that can be simultaneously transferring data to or from the main memory? (b) What percentage of main memory cycles are stolen by a disk unit, on average, over a long period of time during which a sequence of independent 8K-byte transfers takes place? Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright à © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl 366 CHAPTER 5 â⬠¢ THE MEMORY SYSTEM 5. 28 Given that magnetic disks are used as the secondary storage for program and data ? les in a virtual-memory system, which disk parameter(s) should in? uence the choice of page size? 5. 29 A tape drive has the following parameters: Bit density 2000 bits/cm Tape speed 800 cm/s Time to reverse direction of motion 225 ms Minimum time spent at an interrecord gap 3 ms Average record length 4000 characters Estimate the percentage gain in time resulting from the ability to read records in both the forward and backward directions. Assume that records are accessed at random and that on average, the distance between two records accessed in sequence is four records. Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright à © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl Chapter 5 ââ¬â The Memory System 5. 1. The block diagram is essentially the same as in Figure 5. 10, except that 16 rows (of four 512 ? 8 chips) are needed. Address lines A18? 0 are connected to all chips. Address lines A22? 19 are connected to a 4-bit decoder to select one of the 16 rows. 5. 2. The minimum refresh rate is given by 50 ? 10? 15 ? (4. 5 ? 3) = 8. 33 ? 10? 3 s 9 ? 10? 12 Therefore, each row has to be refreshed every 8 ms. 5. 3. Need control signals Min and Mout to control storing of data into the memory cells and to gate the data read from the memory onto the bus, respectively. A possible circuit is Read/Write circuits and latches Min D Din Q D Mout Clk Q Dout Clk Data 5. 4. (a) It takes 5 + 8 = 13 clock cycles. Total time = Latency = 13 = 0. 098 ? 10? 6 s = 98 ns (133 ? 106 ) 5 = 0. 038 ? 10? 6 s = 38 ns (133 ? 106 ) (b) It takes twice as long to transfer 64 bytes, because two independent 32-byte transfers have to be made. The latency is the same, i. e. 38 ns. 1 Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright à © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl 5. 5. A faster processor chip will result in increased performance, but the amount of increase will not be directly proportional to the increase in processor speed, because the cache miss penalty will remain the same if the main memory speed is not improved. 5. 6. (a) Main memory address length is 16 bits. TAG eld is 6 bits. BLOCK eld is 3 bits (8 blocks). WORD eld is 7 bits (128 words per block). (b) The program words are mapped on the cache blocks as follows: Start 0 1024 17 Block 0 127 128 23 1151 1152 165 Block 1 255 239 1279 256 1200 1280 Block 2 383 1407 384 1408 Block 3 511 1500 1535 End 512 Block 4 639 640 Block 5 767 768 Block 6 895 896 Block 7 1023 Hence, the sequence of reads from the main memory blocks into cache blocks is Block : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, . . . , 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 Pass 1 Pass 2 Pass 9 Pass 10 2 Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright à © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl As this sequence shows, both the beginning and the end of the outer loop use blocks 0 and 1 in the cache. They overwrite each other on each pass through the loop. Blocks 2 to 7 remain resident in the cache until the outer loop is completed. The total time for reading the blocks from the main memory into the cache is therefore (10 + 4 ? 9 + 2) ? 128 ? 10 ? = 61, 440 ? Executing the program out of the cache: Outer loop ? inner loop = [(1200 ? 22) ? (239 ? 164)]10 ? 1? = 11, 030 ? Inner loop = (239 ? 164)200 ? 1 ? = 15, 000 ? End section of program = 1500 ? 1200 = 300 ? 1 ? Total execution time = 87, 770 ? 5. 7. In the rst pass through the loop, the Add instruction is stored at address 4 in the cache, and its operand (A03C) at address 6. Then the operand is overwritten by the Decrement instruction. The BNE instruction is stored at address 0. In the second pass, the value 05D9 overwrites the BNE instruction, then BNE is read from the main memory and again stored in location 0. The contents of the cache, the number of words read from the main memory and from the cache, and the execution time for each pass are as shown below. After pass No. Cache contents 005E 1 Time MM accesses Cache accesses 4 0 40 ? 2 2 22 ? 1 3 13 ? 7 5 75 ? BNE 005D Add 005D Dec 005E 2 BNE 005D Add 005D Dec 005E 3 BNE 00AA 10D7 005D Add 005D Dec Total 3 Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright à © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl 5. 8. All three instructions are stored in the cache after the rst pass, and they remain in place during subsequent passes. In this case, there is a total of 6 read operations from the main memory and 6 from the cache. Execution time is 66 ? . Instructions and data are best stored in separate caches to avoid the data overwriting instructions, as in Problem 5. 7. 5. 9. (a) 4096 blocks of 128 words each require 12+7 = 19 bits for the main memory address. (b) TAG eld is 8 bits. SET eld is 4 bits. WORD eld is 7 bits. 5. 10. (a) TAG eld is 10 bits. SET eld is 4 bits. WORD eld is 6 bits. (b) Words 0, 1, 2, à · à · à ·, 4351 occupy blocks 0 to 67 in the main memory (MM). After blocks 0, 1, 2, à · à · à ·, 63 have been read from MM into the cache on the rst pass, the cache is full. Because of the fact that the replacement algorithm is LRU, MM blocks that occupy the rst four sets of the 16 cache sets are always overwritten before they can be used on a successive pass. In particular, MM blocks 0, 16, 32, 48, and 64 continually displace each other in competing for the 4 block positions in cache set 0. The same thing occurs in cache set 1 (MM blocks, 1, 17, 33, 49, 65), cache set 2 (MM blocks 2, 18, 34, 50, 66) and cache set 3 (MM blocks 3, 19, 35, 51, 67). MM blocks that occupy the last 12 sets (sets 4 through 15) are fetched once on the rst pass and remain in the cache for the next 9 passes. On the rst pass, all 68 blocks of the loop must be fetched from the MM. On each of the 9 successive passes, blocks in the last 12 sets of the cache (4 ? 12 = 48) are found in the cache, and the remaining 20 (68 ? 48) blocks must be fetched from the MM. Time without cache Time with cache 10 ? 68 ? 10? = 1 ? 68 ? 11? + 9(20 ? 11? + 48 ? 1? ) = 2. 15 Improvement factor = 5. 11. This replacement algorithm is actually better on this particular â⬠largeâ⬠loop example. After the cache has been lled by the main memory blocks 0, 1, à · à · à ·, 63 on the rst pass, block 64 replaces block 48 in set 0. On the second pass, block 48 replaces block 32 in set 0. On the third pass, block 32 replaces block 16, and on the fourth pass, block 16 replaces block 0. On the fourth pass, there are two replacements: 0 kicks out 64, and 64 kicks out 48. On the sixth, seventh, and eighth passes, there is only one replacement in set 0. On the ninth pass there are two replacements in set 0, and on the nal pass there is one replacement. The situation is similar in sets 1, 2, and 3. Again, there is no contention in sets 4 through 15. In total, there are 11 replacements in set 0 in passes 2 through 10. The same is true in sets 1, 2, and 3. Therefore, the improvement factor is 10 ? 68 ? 10? = 3. 8 1 ? 68 ? 11? + 4 ? 11 ? 11? + (9 ? 68 ? 44) ? 1? 4 Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright à © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl _ _ 5. 12. For the rst loop, the contents of the cache are as indicated in Figures 5. 20 through 5. 22. For the second loop, they are as follows. (a) Direct-mapped cache Contents of data cache after pass: Block position 0 j =9 i =1 i =3 i =5 i =7 i =9 A(0,8) A(0,0) A(0,2) A(0,4) A(0,6) A(0,8) 1 2 3 4 _ A(0,9) A(0,1) A(0,3) A(0,5) A(0,7) A(0,9) 5 _ 6 7 (b) Associative-mapped cache Contents of data cache after pass: Block position 0 A(0,8) A(0,8) A(0,8) A(0,6) 1 A(0,9) A(0,9) A(0,9) A(0,7) 2 A(0,2) A(0,0) A(0,0) A(0,8) 3 A(0,3) A(0,3) A(0,1) A(0,9) 4 A(0,4) A(0,4) A(0,2) A(0,2) 5 A(0,5) A(0,5) A(0,3) A(0,3) 6 A(0,6) A(0,6) A(0,4) A(0,4) 7 A(0,7) A(0,7) A(0,5) A(0,5) j =9 i =0 i =5 i =9 5 Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright à © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl _ _ (c) Set-associative-mapped cache Contents of data cache after pass: Block position 0 1 A(0,9) A(0,3) A(0,7) A(0,7) 2 A(0,6) A(0,0) A(0,4) A(0,8) 3 Set 0 A(0,8) A(0,2) A(0,6) A(0,6) A(0,7) A(0,1) A(0,5) A(0,9) j =9 i =3 i =7 i =9 0 Set 1 1 2 3 _ In all 3 cases, all elements are overwritten before they are used in the second loop. This suggests that the LRU algorithm may not lead to good performance if used with arrays that do not t into the cache. The performance can be improved by introducing some randomness in the replacement algorithm. 5. 13. The two least-signi cant bits of an address, A1? 0 , specify a byte within a 32-bit word. For a direct-mapped cache, bits A4? 2 specify the block position. For a set-associative-mapped cache, bit A2 speci es the set. (a) Direct-mapped cache Contents of data cache after: Block position 0 Pass 1 Pass 2 Pass 3 Pass 4 [200] [200] [200] [200] 1 [204] [204] [204] [204] 2 [208] [208] [208] [208] 3 [24C] [24C] [24C] [24C] 4 [2F0] [2F0] [2F0] [2F0] 5 [2F4] [2F4] [2F4] [2F4] 6 [218] [218] [218] [218] 7 [21C] [21C] [21C] [21C] Hit rate = 33/48 = 0. 69 6 Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright à © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl _ _ _ (b) Associative-mapped cache Contents of data cache after: Block position 0 Pass 2 Pass 3 Pass 4 [200] [200] [200] [200] 1 [204] [204] [204] [204] 2 [24C] [21C] [218] [2F0] 3 [20C] [24C] [21C] [218] 4 [2F4] [2F4] [2F4] [2F4] 5 [2F0] [20C] [24C] [21C] 6 [218] [2F0] [20C] [24C] 7 _ Pass 1 [21C] [218] [2F0] [20C] Hit rate = 21/48 = 0. 44 (c) Set-associative-mapped cache Contents of data cache after: Block position 0 Pass 3 Pass 4 [200] [200] [200] [200] 1 [208] [208] [208] [208] 2 [2F0] [2F0] [2F0] [2F0] [218] [218] [218] [218] 0 [204] [204] [204] [204] 1 [24C] [21C] [24C] [21C] 2 [2F4] [2F4] [2F4] [2F4] 3 Set 1 Pass 2 3 Set 0 Pass 1 [21C] [24C] [21C] [24C] Hit rate = 30/48 = 0. 63 7 Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright à © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl _ _ _ 5. 14. The two least-signi cant bits of an address, A1? 0 , specify a byte within a 32-bit word. For a direct-mapped cache, bits A4? 3 specify the block position. For a set-associative-mapped cache, bit A3 speci es the set. (a) Direct-mapped cache Contents of data cache after: Block position 0 1 2 _ 3 Pass 1 Pass 2 Pass 3 Pass 4 [200] [200] [200] [200] [204] [204] [204] [204] [248] [248] [248] [248] [24C] [24C] [24C] [24C] [2F0] [2F0] [2F0] [2F0] [2F4] [2F4] [2F4] [2F4] [218] [218] [218] [218] [21C] [21C] [21C] [21C] Hit rate = 37/48 = 0. 77 (b) Associative-mapped cache Contents of data cache after: Block position 0 1 2 3 Pass 1 Pass 2 Pass 3 Pass 4 [200] [200] [200] [200] [204] [204] [204] [204] [248] [218] [248] [218] [24C] [21C] [24C] [21C] [2F0] [2F0] [2F0] [2F0] [2F4] [2F4] [2F4] [2F4] [218] [248] [218] [248] [21C] [24C] [21C] [24C] Hit rate = 34/48 = 0. 71 8 Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright à © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl _ _ _ (c) Set-associative-mapped cache Contents of data cache after: Block position 0 Set 0 1 0 Set 1 1 Pass 1 Pass 2 Pass 3 Pass 4 [200] [200] [200] [200] [204] [204] [204] [204] [2F0] [2F0] [2F0] [2F0] [2F4] [2F4] [2F4] [2F4] [248] [218] [248] [218] [24C] [21C] [24C] [21C] [218] [248] [218] [248] [21C] [24C] [21C] [24C] Hit rate = 34/48 = 0. 71 5. 15. The block size (number of words in a block) of the cache should be at least as large as 2k , in order to take full advantage of the multiple module memory when transferring a block between the cache and the main memory. Power of 2 multiples of 2k work just as ef ciently , and are natural because block size is 2k for k bits in the â⬠wordâ⬠eld. 5. 16. Larger size â⬠¢ fewer misses if most of the data in the block are actually used â⬠¢ wasteful if much of the data are not used before the cache block is ejected from the cache Smaller size â⬠¢ more misses 5. 17. For 16-word blocks the value of M is 1 + 8 + 3 ? 4 + 4 = 25 cycles. Then Time without cache = 4. 04 Time with cache In order to compare the 8-word and 16-word blocks, we can assume that two 8-word blocks must be brought into the cache for each 16-word block. Hence, the effective value of M is 2 ? 17 = 34. Then Time without cache = 3. 3 Time with cache 9 Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright à © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl Similarly, for 4-word blocks the effective value of M is 4(1+8+4) = 52 cycles. Then Time without cache = 2. 42 Time with cache Clearly, interleaving is more effective if larger cache blocks are used. 5. 18. The hit rates are h1 = h2 = h = 0. 95 for instructions = 0. 90 for data The average access time is computed as 2 tave = hC1 + (1 ? h)hC2 + (1 ? h) M (a) With interleaving M = 17. Then tave = 0. 95 ? 1 + 0. 05 ? 0. 95 ? 10 + 0. 0025 ? 17 + 0. 3(0. 9 ? 1 + 0. 1 ? 0. 9 ? 10 + 0. 01 ? 17) = 2. 0585 cycles (b) Without interleaving M = 38. Then tave = 2. 174 cycles. (c) Without interleaving the average access takes 2. 174/2. 0585 = 1. 056 times longer. 5. 19. Suppose that it takes one clock cycle to send the address to the L2 cache, one cycle to access each word in the block, and one cycle to transfer a word from the L2 cache to the L1 cache. This leads to C2 = 6 cycles. (a) With interleaving M = 1 + 8 + 4 = 13. Then tave = 1. 79 cycles. (b) Without interleaving M = 1 + 8 + 3 ? 4 + 1 = 22. Then tave = 1. 86 cycles. (c) Without interleaving the average access takes 1. 86/1. 79 = 1. 039 times longer. 5. 20. The analogy is good with respect to: â⬠¢ relative sizes of toolbox, truck and shop versus L1 cache, L2 cache and main memory â⬠¢ relative access times â⬠¢ relative frequency of use of tools in the 3 storage places versus the data accesses in caches and the main memory The analogy fails with respect to the facts that: â⬠¢ at the start of a working day the tools placed into the truck and the toolbox are preselected based on the experience gained on previous jobs, while in the case of a new program that is run on a computer there is no relevant data loaded into the caches before execution begins 10 Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright à © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl â⬠¢ most of the tools in the toolbox and the truck are useful in successive jobs, while the data left in a cache by one program are not useful for the subsequent programs â⬠¢ tools displaced by the need to use other tools are never thrown away, while data in the cache blocks are simply overwritten if the blocks are not agged as dirty 5. 21. Each 32-bit number comprises 4 bytes. Hence, each page holds 1024 numbers. There is space for 256 pages in the 1M-byte portion of the main memory that is allocated for storing data during the computation. (a) Each column is one page; there will be 1024 page faults. (b) Processing of entire columns, one at a time, would be very inef cient and slow. However, if only one quarter of each column (for all columns) is processed before the next quarter is brought in from the disk, then each element of the array must be loaded into the memory twice. In this case, the number of page faults would be 2048. (c) Assuming that the computation time needed to normalize the numbers is negligible compared to the time needed to bring a page from the disk: Total time for (a) is 1024 ? 40 ms = 41 s Total time for (b) is 2048 ? 40 ms = 82 s 5. 22. The operating system may increase the main memory pages allocated to a program that has a large number of page faults, using space previously allocated to a program with a few page faults. 5. 23. Continuing the execution of an instruction interrupted by a page fault requires saving the entire state of the processor, which includes saving all registers that may have been affected by the instruction as well as the control information that indicates how far the execution has progressed. The alternative of re-executing the instruction from the beginning requires a capability to reverse any changes that may have been caused by the partial execution of the instruction. 5. 24. The problem is that a page fault may occur during intermediate steps in the execution of a single instruction. The page containing the referenced location must be transferred from the disk into the main memory before execution can proceed. Since the time needed for the page transfer (a disk operation) is very long, as compared to instruction execution time, a context-switch will usually be made. (A context-switch consists of preserving the state of the currently executing program, and â⬠switchingâ⬠the processor to the execution of another program that is resident in the main memory. ) The page transfer, via DMA, takes place while this other program executes. When the page transfer is complete, the original program can be resumed. Therefore, one of two features are needed in a system where the execution of an individual instruction may be suspended by a page fault. The rst possibility 11 Introduzione allarchitettura dei calcolatori 2/ed Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Copyright à © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies srl is to save the state of instruction execution. This emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-51770609058104356132020-03-18T19:00:00.001-07:002020-03-18T19:00:03.713-07:00Field Work essaysField Work essays Many people go to the bar to relax after a long day of work. They sometimes meet up with friends or coworkers and discuss their day. People in public are very interesting in their interaction with others because nonverbal communication can be observed in virtually any situation. Bars are especially interesting because there are different personality labels. For example, there are the regulars who are there everyday at the same time, the couples who come before dinner to have their cocktails, and the drunks. The drunks are there no matter what time of day and stay for hours. The more interesting part in the observation is how the bartender is able to deal with all these different personality types. A bartender must be able to communicate with all of these personality types in order to do his job well. A good bartender must demonstrate and often alter his communication styles on a daily basis. The hypothesis is when visiting a sports bar, a male bartender, in general, will interact with his customers more effective than a female bartender. This is because males tend to know more about sports history than females do and male bartenders seem to relate to bar stories better than female bartenders. In sports bars, there is always some type of sporting event on the television. If a male bartender can have a conversation about the event on the television, he can then build a relationship with that customer and in turn keep the customer at his bar longer. This observation was conducted at Putters Bar and Grill at Pheasant Run Golf Course strictly to observe the bartender. The first visit was around three oclock in the afternoon on Friday. There were only four people at the bar. They were older men in their late 50s or early 60s. They had just come in from a round of golf. They were all drinking whiskey on the rocks and adding up their scorecards. The bartender, who is male poured their drinks and ... emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-74658202891773746862020-03-02T10:47:00.001-08:002020-03-02T10:47:02.884-08:00When Should I Ask for a College Recommendation LetterWhen Should I Ask for a College Recommendation Letter SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips I remember worrying about the perfect time to ask for recommendation letters. Too early, I thought, could seem like over-planning; maybe my teachers would even forget by the time deadlines rolled around! Too late, though, would suggest a lack of preparation or could even offend my recommenders. It seemed like the stars had to align just right. If youââ¬â¢ve had any of these same concerns, you donââ¬â¢t have to wonder anymore. This guide will discuss the best times to ask for recommendations, plus why itââ¬â¢s important to have good timing in the first place. To start, what should you consider as you figure out when to ask? What Matters As You Decide When to Ask? There are a few main factors that influence when you should ask for recommendation letters, each of which Iââ¬â¢ll talk about in more detail below. In a nutshell, these factors include the following: your college deadlines your teachersââ¬â¢ preferences your school's policy the year in which you had your teachers Some of these factors are easy to define - like your college deadlines - while others may offer a little more flexibility. Read on to figure out which ofthese scenarios applies to you, as well as what it means for your rec letter request schedule. Letââ¬â¢s begin with the general (though not necessarily definitive) golden rule: Ask At Least a Month Before Your College Deadlines Unless your school or teachers set other policies, you should ask for recommendation letters about four weeks before your college deadlines. If your deadlines vary, then ask four weeks before your earliest one. What exactly does this look like? If youââ¬â¢re applying to meet a November 1st early action or early decision deadline, then you should ask your teachers by October 1st. If your deadlineââ¬â¢s November 15, then ask by October 15th. You get the idea. If your deadlines are regular decision, then they might be around January 1st or January 15th. In this situation, you could ask by the time December rolls around. However, consider everything that goes on in December. December is full of midterms, which means lots of grading for teachers, plus manydays off from school. You can also assume that most students have made their rec letter requests earlier in the semester. For regular decision deadlines, I would suggest asking by mid-November at the latest, to take into account the busy scheduleandvacation daysin the winter months. You may be wondering why teachers need a month to write a letter. For one thing, theyââ¬â¢re not just writing you a letter - some teachers have dozens of letters to write, and most counselors have hundreds! Besides that, rec letters take time and thought to do well. You donââ¬â¢t want a rushed, subpar letter because you waited too long to ask for it. While giving your teachers about a month before your deadlines is generally a safe rule, itââ¬â¢s not the end-all, be-all answer. Your teachers and school might tell you to ask even earlier. Letââ¬â¢s consider what policies teachers set, followed by what your school guidance department might tell you to do. Everyteacher might have their ownpersonal preference. Ask According to Your Recommendersââ¬â¢ Preferences Teachers are busy. They have to teach several classes a day for hundreds of students, not to mention all the planning and grading that goes on behind the scenes. Plus, despite what we may have believed in elementary school, they donââ¬â¢t live at the school. They have lots going on in their personal lives, too. My point is that recommendation letters are another task on top of an already packed schedule. Just as you should give your teacher plenty of time to write your letter, your teacher might set certain policies to make the workload more manageable. She might set a rec letter request due date, or set a cap on how many letters sheââ¬â¢ll write. Itââ¬â¢s your job to find out what your teachersââ¬â¢ policies are. If you canââ¬â¢t find out from older students or through word of mouth, then you should ask your teacher when she prefers to get requests. Find out if she sets a deadline or limit. If she sets a cap, try to get a sense of how popular a recommender she is. If you know your English teacher, for instance, gets inundated with requests, get yours in early. Ask her in September or, better yet, in the spring of junior year. You donââ¬â¢t want to ask a month before your deadlines only to find that your teacherââ¬â¢s too busy or has stopped accepting requests. Generally speaking, your teacher will appreciate that youââ¬â¢re being thoughtful, proactive, and giving her plenty of time. Along similar lines, your guidance department may give you instructions about when to ask. Ask According to Your Guidance Departmentââ¬â¢s Instructions While individual teachers may set their own policies, your guidance department may also have a blanket rule for all college-boundstudents. Some schools, for instance, have students ask in the spring of junior year. Others tell students to submit three teacher preferences to their college counselors, who will then assign everyone two (and thereby balancethe numbers more evenly). Other high schools tell students to ask in the fall of senior year, and still others have no particular guidance - they leave it up to each student to figure it out. If you havenââ¬â¢t received directions, visit your school counselor and ask her about the general expectations. They may determine whether you ask in Aprilof 11th grade or September of 12th. Finally, thereââ¬â¢s one more consideration that may alter your request timeline: the grade in which you had your recommenders as teachers. Don't wait so long that your teacher forgets who you are! Also, just keep swimming. Ask Your Teachers At the End of their Class or School Year Remember that classic first day of school assignment,"Write about what you did over the summer"? Well, what if your teacher asked you to write in vivid detail about what you did three summers ago? Just as you might have trouble remembering the specifics, your recommenders mightnot be able to produce the clearest memories if they had you in class years before you make your request. While itââ¬â¢s advisable to ask your junior year teachers, some students reach back further and have their freshman or sophomore year teachers recommend them. If you had a great connection with a 9th or 10th grade teacher and feel they might make a strong recommender, then you should ask them sooner rather than later. Instead of waiting until senior year, you should ask them at the end of the year you had them, ie, at the end of 9th or 10th grade. Similarly, you could ask your junior year teachers at the end of 11th grade, rather than waiting until after summer break. Even if you donââ¬â¢t ultimately use the letter, you can have it on file just in case. Plus, asking early helps in any of the other scenarios mentioned above: you give your recommenders (more than) a month before your deadlines, you beat the rush of requests, and you get your request in before any ofyour teachersââ¬â¢ or guidance departmentââ¬â¢s deadlines. Win-win-win. If youââ¬â¢ve learned about the rec letter process, then you know more goes into it than simply asking your teacher to write you one. You additionally want to provide a resume and a thoughtful brag sheet. If youââ¬â¢re asking especially early, then you could make the request and follow up later with all this info. Youââ¬â¢ll show your recommenders that youââ¬â¢re proactive and goal-oriented; then you can send along your recommendation packet once youââ¬â¢ve prepared it. Now that you have a sense of when students typically ask for recommendations and why, how can you figure out when exactly YOU should ask? So When Should You Ask for Your Recommendations? To determine when you should ask your recommenders for a letter, you need to do your research. Make sure you know all your college deadlines, for starters. Then figure out whether your school has any guidance about when to ask, like in April of 11th grade or September of 12th grade. Figure out who you're going to ask in junior year, so you can find out if your teachers set any deadlines for or caps on requests. If you're a younger student, you should think about whether any of your teachers would make for strong recommenders. If so, then consider asking them at the end of the school year. The latest that you should ask for recommendations is October of senior year for early deadlines and November to December of senior year for regular deadlines. To be safe and proactive though, as well as to keep yourself fresh in your teachers' memories, you'd do well to ask in March, April, or May of junior year. Asking early will not only give your teachers the time they need to write a well-crafted letter, but it will also give you peace of mind. Apart from following up with a reminder and thank you note, your work on recommendation letters will be done! Then it will be up to your recommenders to upload their letters, and you can focus on finishing up the rest of your college application. What's Next? As you can tell, a lot of planning and strategy goes into your recommendation letters. Why are rec letters important in your application? Whatdo admissions officers look for when they read them?Find out more about the role of rec letters in admissions decisions in these guides. There are lots of other steps that go into applying for college, like scheduling your SAT/ACT and writing your personal essay. Check outour complete guideto applying to college, from 9th grade up until senior year. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-5838081563188630772020-02-15T02:14:00.001-08:002020-02-15T02:14:02.549-08:00Digital technology play a key role in education EssayDigital technology play a key role in education - Essay Example First an introduction has been given as to what contribution has technology made in education. Then, teachersââ¬â¢ technological skills and problems to the implementation of digital technology have been discussed. After that, various technological tools and concept are discussed like CALL and ICT, which the teachers can make use of to enhance the education. The report is summarized in a concluding paragraph, and Harvard referencing style has been used properly. Selwyn (2011) asserts that educators have been trying to modify their teaching process with the help of technology ever since the modern technological means came into market. According to Baker, early 1960ââ¬â¢s brought with it ââ¬Å"new curricula, instructional models, and approaches to individualizationâ⬠(1978:3) of instruction. The problem was that teachers did not know how to manage the new instructional schemes. Today, an ideal classroom environment is dynamic in which each student presents his own understanding and is comfortable with his own set of instructional materials. Thus, the teacher needs to organize instructional schemes in such a way that all students with their unique qualities are equally attended to. Teachers started feeling the necessity of incorporating information and communication technology in education. This way, they could enhance the overall experience of teaching through the use of some most modern digital technologies like camcorders, multimed ia, microphones, supervision cameras, and most of all, the internet. Technology helps students in their early years to gain independence in creating and designing things, and in understanding basic literacy skills (Massey University 2014). In later years, students can make use of information and communication technology (ICT) to do research and create innovative pieces of work. Libraries are available online, where emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-14167810637120203802020-02-02T03:28:00.001-08:002020-02-02T03:28:02.718-08:00Foreign Market Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsForeign Market Analysis - Essay Example product. The feel good factor is that it is pro-American country with the Filipinos and their government having very friendly relations with the U.S. The Philippines is the 19th largest export market of the United States with an approximate annual export of $8 billion. For launching a new product by JFââ¬â¢s Electronics, the Philippines can be the perfect launching pad as people there have liking for the U.S. products. Language is not a barrier, as the Philippines is the third largest English speaking country (buyusa.gov). The Philippines market environment for the mobile phone products, called the Cellular Mobile Telephone System (CMTS) is quite encouraging for the U.S. products. Letââ¬â¢s review different environmental aspects related to the Philippines economy, politics, legal, regulatory, technological, and social factors to ensure that the JFââ¬â¢s Electronics would succeed in providing a secure international platform to its new product ââ¬â customized mobile phone. JFââ¬â¢s Electronics new product ââ¬â the customized mobile phone would find a ready and ripe market as the mobile phone is a favorite digital device of the Filipinos. More than 22 million Filipinos have a mobile phone. The number of mobile subscribers is growing fast; in 2004 the growth rate touched to 34% to more than 30.2 million. In Short Messaging Service (SMS), this country is the world leader. As per the market report, carriers cover more than 200 million text messages a day in Philippines. The above scenario projected by the U.S. Commercial Service regarding the mobile phone market and the Philippineââ¬â¢s 100 years old friendly business relations with the U.S. are enough to build up confidence of the JFââ¬â¢s Electronics to enter in the Philippines market with its new product launch, i.e. customized mobile phone (buyusa.gov). The Philippines imports in electronics are into raw material to be used in export processing locations. Consumer goods, a subsector of electronics industry are 0.93 emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-51940510114737883632020-01-24T23:52:00.001-08:002020-01-24T23:52:02.758-08:00Captain Ahab Essay -- Literary Analysis, Moby Dick, ShakespeareCaptain Ahab sights Moby Dick from afar and continues his hot pursuit on the White Whale. For three days, a relentless chase occurs because of Ahabââ¬â¢s desire for revenge. The indomitable whale continually destroys boat after boat. During the latter days of the struggle, the whale finally attacks the Pequod, plunging the ship to the bottom pits of the ocean. Determined to reach his final goal, the captain makes a last ditch effort and launches his harpoon towards Moby Dick. Ironically, Ahabââ¬â¢s harpoon catches around his neck and strangles him to death. Obviously determined to avenge his leg, the Captain causes his own downfall through his own desire for retribution. In The Tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark, Shakespeare creates two characters, Hamlet and Laertes, who endure a series of events and unveil Shakespeareââ¬â¢s similar belief that revenge causes one to act blindly in anger. Through Shakespeareââ¬â¢s distinct language and diction, the charactersââ¬â¢ mot ivational factors and personality traits, the write conveys his strong belief regarding the desire for vengeance. While the actual personality traits and each characterââ¬â¢s motivations add more depth to Shakespeareââ¬â¢s overall belief, the language each character incorporates contributes more highly to the conviction ââ¬â revenge causes one to act blindly in anger. By analyzing Hamletââ¬â¢s use of language throughout the play, one can tell Hamlet is keen on avenging his father, but no heart or effort is put into the action. Speaking in disgust with himself, Hamlet says ââ¬Å"That I, the son of a dear father murder'd, / Prompted to my revenge by heaven and hell, / Must, like a whore, unpack my heart with words, ââ¬Å" (2.2.584-586). Hamlet uses simile to compare himself to a coward and state that he has no... ...ooms Laertes as it did Hamlet, because it clouds his judgment. His rashness causes him to be easily played by Claudius. Regardless of the fact that Hamlet killed Polonius, Claudius never specified that it was an accident, which could have played a major role in Laertesââ¬â¢ decision to go along with the Kingââ¬â¢s plan. Hamlet and Laertes share much in common with Captain Ahab. All three characters share a similar passion and determination for achieving vengeance, which ultimately results in their own downfall. Plan after plan, harpoon after harpoon, only one goal resonates in their minds: to get revenge. Blinded by their desire for vengeance, all three characters act out of personality and cause harm to themselves and those around them. Thus, revealing Shakespeareââ¬â¢s strong notion that the desire for revenge causes one to act blindly, rather than with reason and logic. emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-20233765612518961112020-01-16T20:14:00.001-08:002020-01-16T20:14:02.767-08:00The Things People Forget in the Heat of the MomentThe task of instructing adolescents about sex has been seen as the responsibility of the parents for many years. But, parent-child communication in sexual matters may be hindered by parental inhibitions or by various intergenerational tensions. Children often times do not receive information on sexual matters from their parents, at least initially. Due to sex related information available to children through mass media, the education board has deemed it necessary to evaluate and change sexual education. The course work has evolved drastically from the idea of teaching merely about sexual reproduction and focusing on abstinence. Rather, now it is important to deal with sex-related topics in the media through more sophisticated and comprehensive programs, deemed necessary to institute in the public school system. This of course has brought about several conflicting views about the course work within the program, raising social and ethical questions here and there. Although the idea of educating such young people about sex is viewed as strange, or as wrong, or even as immoral entirely, it is necessary for the well being of young people to be educated about these matters. Failing to teach young people about sex is like playing a ââ¬Ëfriendlyâ⬠game of Russian Roulette; the risks are vast, danger is unknown, and death may stare one in the face. Often times failing to teach properly the risks of something causes a lack of knowledge, almost like ignorance, especially regarding the subject of sex. Disastrous consequences can come about because of insignificant information about sex and sex relations. For example, thoughts of pregnancy surface with the lack of protection, but additionally, risks include the possibility of venereal disease spread, such as Gonorrhea, Syphilis, or HIV, in the absence of contraceptives. These serious circumstances are often taken lightly when in ââ¬Ëthe moodâ⬠and one must be educated fairly well to understand the extreme importance of safety. This safety may include birth control or forms of contraceptives like male or female condoms, to ensure that one's health is never undermined at any cost. Lack of monogamy and smart sexual relations has made it imperative to take ââ¬Ësafety precautionsâ⬠, as comical as it may sound, to ensure that oneâ⬠s health is not jeopardized. In similarity, Russian Roulette is a game of risks, much like sex. Although the stakes are rather different, sex of late and Russian Roulette alike are merely gambling with oneâ⬠s life. It seems it might be wiser to choose the latter as a means of destruction. After all, a life stricken with some disease associated with sex can have disastrous effects on one's physical body. For instance, John, an eighteen-year-old freshman at the University of Pennsylvania illustrates this perfectly. He was diagnosed two years ago with a virus he can never be rid of. Diagnosed at the age of sixteen with herpes simplex one, he lives a stressful life, often ridiculed because of constant outbreaks of sores, not only on his genitals, but also in and around his mouth. He dreads the next outbreak everyday, and wishes with every frequent recurrence he had taken the extra ten seconds to put on a condom, for if he had done so, life would be more pleasant (ââ¬Å"FAQ About Genital Herpesâ⬠). In addition, take for example Maria. Maria is a junior at Lake Springs High School. She too had a sexual encounter she wishes she could take back. One evening at a party, she drank a few drinks, and before she knew it, she was having intercourse with a man she hardly knew; she couldnâ⬠t even recall his name. Now, Maria endures extensive treatment weekly of AZT to hinder the debilitating effects HIV has on her body. She will grow weaker until the day she dies, all because of an unprotected sex act (ââ¬Å"Educationâ⬠). This information heightens the need for education regarding the proper care and safety precautions one must take when sexually active with another person. With the game of Russian Roulette, though, just one pull of the trigger and there are 1 in 6 chances, one swift blow. In addition, cases exist of Russian Roulette players who are uneventful in killing themselves, yet do serious damage to their brain, causing them to be quadriplegic. Teaching the dangers about sex is not an easy task. No easier is learning to accept consequences, but these must be taught during adolescence for it to be better embedded within oneâ⬠s thoughts. In addition, danger regarding sex coincides with the risks one takes when the decision to consummate a relationship is made. Teaching youth about the risk of pregnancy and the likelihood of contracting one of a vast array of diseases that range from completely curable with little discomfort, to long, drawn out, and debilitating incurable diseases one must endure the entirety of their life. One could say that a person walking down the street each day puts himself or herself in danger; that there are risks everywhere, and this need not be taught at school, for it is common knowledge. This may be true, but the idea that one can protect themselves from potential danger just by being informed should be basis enough to incorporate a more advanced sexual education course curriculum in the public schooling system. For instance, instead of focusing on abstinence, which is purely opinion, focus on the fact that by the age of 15, more than 18% of U. S. teens have experienced sexual encounters and that by the age of 20, 40% of Caucasian women have conceived at least one child (ââ¬Å"Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factorsâ⬠). Focus also on the likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted disease; focus on the facts, focus on the statistics. Take Russian Roulette for comparison to these dangers associated with sex. Potential dangers are obvious; holding a gun to oneâ⬠s head and pulling the trigger, the danger seems quite substantial. This means of suicide can be compared to that of unprotected sex. One can illuminate the idea of unprotected sex as a way to commit suicide. A person not knowing the dangers of sex, and a person holding a gun up to oneâ⬠s head, not thinking that there could be a bullet within the pistol display the same ignorance. The lack of information or education about these two instances could be devastating. Knowing the dangers, but still taking the risk, sex seems a lot like the game of Russian Roulette. Proposals need to be made to fulfill both parents and adolescent concerns in addition to societal needs to incorporate a more advanced form of sexual education. Perhaps issuing more of a homework-based class via an Internet website could fulfill these concerns. The idea in mind would be to lessen a studentâ⬠s awkwardness of a classroom setting, yet still understanding the necessary material presented. This being beneficial because students are still learning about the subject matter and it would increase a parentâ⬠s morale about this course matter, for their children are learning about sex within their home rather than in a classroom, where sexual tensions may be embarrassing. Another proposal is to include the curriculum within already established courses. Academics such as English and History can hold intimate classroom conversation about this subject matter relevant to course curriculum. This means of incorporating the sexual education material within required classes would guarantee that sexual education be at least introduced to these younger individuals. It is not necessarily automatic that one will contract a venereal or sexually transmitted disease, neither is it definite that when the trigger is pulled, the bullet will come raging through for a short journey through the skull. The risks are there though; the danger is there. Without an education to outline these risks and dangers, the results a lack of education would be devastating to society. emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-6597860874725859392020-01-08T16:37:00.001-08:002020-01-08T16:37:03.202-08:00Counselling in Nigeria - 6031 Words COUNSELLING IN NIGERIA: AN OVERVIEW BY C.N. UGWUEGBULAM, Ph.D., JP. ALVAN IKOKU COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, OWERRI ââ¬â IMO STATE, NIGERIA AND CUUU KADURUMBA (Ph.D.) COLLEGE OF FOOD PROCESSING AND STORAGE TECHNOLOGY, MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE, ABIA STATE, NIGERIA HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING IN NIGERIA Man from pre-historic times have been having challenges and solving them. Nigerians in the traditional set-up before the advent of formalized guidance and counselling had problems and they were solving them through what Iwuama (1991, 2003) called traditional guidance. This is any type of assistance given to somebody in need. Their needs were personal, social, vocational or traditional education. Theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦More counsellors from Harvard/USAID were later sent to assist Mr. Ree. In 1966, Njoku (2005) reported that Mr. P. O. Ree organized a workshop on guidance and counselling in which he presented a position paper on the role of a counsellor in a comprehensive school. Another recommendation that impacts in the development of guidance and counselling was the teamââ¬â¢s other recommendation that organized and proper guidance and counselling is of fundamental importance. This led to the training of many Nigerian teachers in vocational guidance. Earlier in 1964, t he Federal Ministry of Education organized the first government organised seminar on guidance and counselling and testing. This workshop was organised with a view to capacity build the career masters at that time. The Roman Catholic Mission established and managed a child guidance clinic. The Vocational Guidance Bureau was also opened in Lagos to organize workshops on guidance and counselling for teachers. Similarly, Njoku (2005) asserted that the development of organized guidance and counselling in Nigeria was to no lesser extent assisted by the establishment of the Test Development and Research Office (TEDRO) in 1963 by the Federal Ministry of Education. The office was charge with the responsibility of constructing and analysing psychometric instruments for general use as well as for counselling in school. In view of the above developments the 1977 National policy on Education for Nigeria made provisionShow MoreRelatedAvailability Of Counselling Services In Nigeria Case Study1267 Words à |à 6 PagesAvailability of Counselling Services Counselling services in schools have been found to be lacking (Adejimola Tayo-Olajubu, 2009). This subsequently affects studentsââ¬â¢ access to information and counselling as to what to do when they have been sexually harassed. Okeke and Okorie (2006) reported from a study in South-East Nigeria that there was a lack of counselling centres in schools. This, they noted, had affected the decision-making of students and resulted in maladjusted behaviours. One-on-oneRead MoreSublimation Mechanism of Psychoanalytical Counselling Theory as a Tool for Addressing Juvenile Delinquency in Secondary Schools in Nigeria4142 Words à |à 17 PagesSUBLIMATION MECHANISM OF PSYCHOANALYTICAL COUNSELLING THEORY AS A TOOL FOR ADDRESSING JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN NIGERIA A PAPER PRESENTED BY PROF. FATI SHUAIBU AND NTAMU BLESSING AGBO ON THE FIRST NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE FACULTY OF EDUCATION NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY KEFFI HELD IN 1000 AUDITORIUM SEAT 12TH - 14TH JUNE, 2012. ABSTRACT The present methods being utilized by teachers, counselors and administrators in dealing with cases of indiscipline and juvenile delinquencyRead MoreAids : Hiv And Aids1144 Words à |à 5 PagesHIV/AIDS IN NIGERIA Introduction The first case of HIV was reported in 1981 and since then, it has spread rapidly turning into a pandemic (WHO 2014). Thirty-five million people currently live with HIV worldwide and 2.1 million deaths were recorded in 2013 (WHO 2014). HIV in the WHO African region is the highest in the world as the continent bears 70% of the disease burden (WHO AFRO 2013). In 2013, 24 million people in Africa were reported to be living with HIV. One of the high burden countries inRead MoreThe United Nation s Millennium Development Goals1021 Words à |à 5 Pagescountries. There are many countries that have made significant progress in the combat of disease; Nigeria is no exception. This is due to Nigeria exponentially increasing there treatment and counseling facilities for HIV/AIDS, along with the distribution of millions of insecticide-treated products to combat malaria. However, this doesnââ¬â¢t mean that their fight is over; and there are many ways that Nigeria can improve today. This case study evaluates Nigeriaââ¬â¢s progress in regards to the sixth MillenniumRead MoreTheories of Personality Development3138 Words à |à 13 PagesAbdulrazaq Olayinka Qualifications: B.A.Ed (Islamic Studies Education: Usmanu Dan Fodiyo University Sokoto); M.Ed; PhD (Guidance and Counselling: University of Ilorin); Cert. (Data Processing: University of Ilorin). E-mail address: oniyerasaq@unilorin.edu.ng Office Location: Room 15, Department of Counsellor Education, Faculty of Education, University of Ilorin, Nigeria Consultation Hours: Wednesdays and Fridays 12-3pm (Wed), 3-5pm(Fri) Course Content: The study of theories of personality developmentRead MoreCurbing Examination Malpractices in Nigerian Educational Assessment: Guidance and Counselling Intervention2969 Words à |à 12 PagesCURBING EXAMINATION MALPRACTICES IN NIGERIAN EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT: GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING INTERVENTION By Mudathir Ade Ademoroti Mcasson Ulul-Albab Science Secondary School, Katsina, Katsina State And Abdulrasheed S. Imam (Ccn, mcasson) Ulul-Albab Science Secondary School, Katsina, Katsina state. . ABSTRACT The paper examines the role or intervention of guidance and counseling in curbing examination malpractice in Nigerian educational assessment among all the stake holders in education industryRead MoreStudent Unrest in Nigerian Universities4126 Words à |à 17 Pages17-22 (2005) Student Unrest in Nigerian Universities: Looking Back and Forward Oyaziwo Aluede, Basil Jimoh, Beatrice O. Agwinede and Eunice O. Omoregie Department of Educational Foundations, Ambrose Alli University, P.M.B. 14, Ekpoma 310001, Ekpoma, Nigeria E-mail: oyaziwoaluede@yahoo.com KEYWORDS Student unrest; student services; student personnel administration; universities ABSTRACT The authors examined the policies and factors that have in the past and at the present precipitated student unrest inRead MoreA Brief Note On Internal Medicine And Nursing Essay970 Words à |à 4 Pagesfrom medical school among the top 2% in my class and without ever repeating any tests or professional exams. Following graduation, I practiced as a general practitioner in Nigeria. I enjoyed being a generalist. It gave me tremendous joy providing quality acute care and preventive care to my patients. My experience in Nigeria inspired me to seek further training in the specialty. This quest brought me to the United States where I pursued master s degrees in public health and business administrationRead Morecorporate communication strategy of an organisation( Dangote group))1733 Words à |à 7 Pagescommunication strategy to be achieved, it must start with the organisation. Dangote group of companies Nigeria, has a strong strategic management value aimed at seeking and developing new businesses, inventing new techniques to retain their market leadership. The group generated employment and goods for the publicââ¬â¢s through constructing and operating large scale manufacturing facilities in Nigeria and across Africa. The corporation gives high returns to their stake holders. The group has seen an explosionRead MoreGuidance and Counseling1885 Words à |à 8 Pagesthe quality of guidance and counselling services in secondary schools with practicing school counsellors in Edo state. To achieve this, the researcher examined the qualification of personnel providing guidance and counselling services, availability of materials for the successful execution of Nigerian secondary school guidance and counselling services and the impact of guidance programs on studentsââ¬â¢ adjustment. 1.3. Significance of the study Guidance and counselling is the bedrock for achieving emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-49930414805449952112019-12-31T13:03:00.001-08:002019-12-31T13:03:03.557-08:00The Reliability of Eyewitness Testimony Essay - 1329 Words The Reliability of Eyewitness Testimony Part 1 - How reliable is Eyewitness testimony? The Reconstructive nature of memory - Schemas and Stereotypes The reconstructive nature of memory is related to the schema theory. A schema is a package of memory that is organized and developed throughout our lives. Schemas are stored in long term memory. Most people have similar schemas and this was recognized by Bower, Black and Turner (1979) when they asked several people to recall the schema for the most important things they do when they go out to a restaurant for a meal. They found out that most people put the same main aspects in their schemas. Bartletts theory of Reconstructive Memory isâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Some parts of information were forgotten and others were exaggerated. Bartletts study showed how our cultural expectations or stereotypes lead to predictable changes in memory. Stereotypes are schemas that summarize large amounts of information. Like schemas, stereotypes influence memory. He argued that schemas affect the retrieval process rather than the initial storage, but a study by Cohen (1981) suggested that schemas and stereotypes are important at both stages of memory: initial storage and retrieval. The effects of leading questions An eyewitnesss testimony about an event can be affected by the questions that are asked. For example, if the experimenter asks, did you see the broken headlight? rather than did you see a broken headlight? the use of the word the suggests there was a broken headlight and therefore the participant goes on to build up a memory for that headlight (Loftus and Zanni 1975). The language used in questioning eyewitnesses may alter what they remember. Loftus and Palmer (1975) showed their participants a series of projector slides of a multiple car accident. The participants then answered specific questions. It was found out that the information implicit in the question affected memory, even though the questions apparently only differedShow MoreRelatedThe Reliability Of Eyewitness Testimony999 Words à |à 4 Pagesfairly ill-informed on the reliability of eyewitness testimony with judges having the most. Judges only had about an 8% difference in knowledge when compared to jurors. With this information it is very clear that education on the reliability of eyewitness testimony needs to become more of a general knowledge information for the everyone, especially people who are involved in upholding the law. Another factor to look into when evaluating the accuracy eyewitness testimony is the role that memory playsRead MoreThe reliability of eyewitness testimony has become a popular research topic in applied and social1200 Words à |à 5 PagesThe reliability of eyewitness testimony has become a popular research topic in applied and social psychology since Loftus and Palmerââ¬â¢s study in 1974 (see Steblay, 1997; Wright Loftus, 1998; Deffenbacher, Bornstein, Penrod, McGorty, for reviews). Participants viewed videos or slides of traffic accidents (Loftus Palmer, 1974) or a criminal act (Roediger, Jacoby, McDermott, 1996; Cutler, Penrod, Martens, 1987) and afterwards were asked several questions about what they had just seen. The manipulationRead MoreReliability of the Human Memory1339 Words à |à 5 PagesReliability of the human memory in eyewitness memory In this essay it will be argued how the human memory for recalling details of past events is not reliably accurate and that it will be interpreted through the reliability of memory in eyewitness memory and testimony. The human memory is a complex finding in the cognitive research of psychology, which can be explained by many different contributing factors but eyewitness is dependent upon the accuracy of long-term memory. However, research evidenceRead MoreThe Role of Eyewitness Testimony and the Weapon Effect in a Criminal Investigation 1241 Words à |à 5 PagesEyewitness testimony plays a crucial role in criminal investigations. Thus, it is important to know how to eliminate factors that can negatively impact eyewitnessesââ¬â¢ recall ability. The result of eyewitness misidentification can lead to numerous inaccurate and wrongful convictions. One study suggests that more than 75,000 people a year become criminal defendants on the basis of eyewitness identifications (Schechel, OToole, Easterly, Loftus, 2006, p.178). Another study has shown that approximatelyRead MoreEyewitness Testimony Essay1299 Words à |à 6 Pagespeople think things happened that never truly happened. Eyewitness testimo ny has always played an important role as evidence in the courts system. Juries on a trial tend to believe eyewitness testimony over any other evidence, even if other evidence differs from the eyewitness testimony. When little other evidence is presented, eyewitness testimony tends to be the primary focus. Many wrongful convictions have occurred due to these false eyewitness statements. According to George Vallas, in ââ¬Å"A surveyRead MoreHow Does The Brain Malfunctions Affect The Justice System?1246 Words à |à 5 Pageswrongfully convicted individuals by the eyewitness which is a huge issue in the system (Weir, 2016). It is crucial to be knowledgeable of the factors that can impede memory. The person that actually committed the crime should be held responsible for their actions, not only for justice, but for the safety of others as well. There are many factors to consider when psychologists and scientists are trying to figure out reliability of eyewitness testimony. The ability to recall or recognize isRead MoreEyewitness Testimony And Its Impact On The Outcome Of A Trial892 Words à |à 4 PagesHow Accurate Are Eyewitness Testimonies? Have you ever been a witness to a crime? Would you feel comfortable if prosecutors relied on your eye witness testimony alone for a conviction? According to ââ¬Å"The Magic of the Mindâ⬠, eyewitness testimony which relies on the accuracy of human memory, has an enormous impact on the outcome of a trial. Eyewitness testimony is a legal term. During an eyewitness testimony, the witness usually goes into an account of the crime he or she has witnessed. This can includeRead MoreAccuracy of an Eyewitness Testimony Essay2096 Words à |à 9 PagesThe Accuracy of an Eyewitness Testimony Student: Amy Mason Number: 2842657 Tutor: Serena Nicholls Tutorial Time: Thursday 10am - 10:50am Due date: Friday 21st September 21, 2012 Word count: 1858 Psychological research shows that eyewitness testimony is not always accurate, therefore it should not be used in the criminal justice system. Discuss. The reliability if an eyewitness testimony is questionable. The witness may be so certain that the person that thy are pointing out is one hundredRead MoreEyewitness Testimony And Its Effect On The Credibility Of Eyewitness Testimonies952 Words à |à 4 PagesEyewitness testimony is a hot button issue in not only the criminal justice field but also the psychology field as well. It continues to be argued that this type of ââ¬Å"evidenceâ⬠is far too unreliable for the court room and can ultimately end up punishing the wrong person for a crime they did not commit. The influence of an eyewitness testimony cannot be denied as research has showed that, ââ¬Å"adding a single prosecution eyewitness to a murder trial summary increased the percentage of mock jurorsââ¬â¢ guiltyRead MoreEyewitness Testimony And The American Psychological Association1580 Words à |à 7 Pagesmodern law and judicial practices, eyewitness testimony has been a crucial part in reaching verdicts in court. The opinions and observations of bystanders or active participants in a crime scene are often considered to be very valuable in determining the guilt or innocence of accused individuals. However, there has been a large amount of scrutiny in the law world concerning both misappropriated and untrue testimonies administered in courts of law. Although the testimony of individuals can simply be misinterpreted emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-65683546827564694092019-12-23T08:50:00.001-08:002019-12-23T08:50:03.422-08:00The Road by Cormac McCarthy - 1281 Words Title of the Work: The Road Author: Cormac McCarthy Date of Publication: September 26, 2006 (September 26, 2006) Genre: Novel Historical information about the Setting: The novel takes place in the Southeastern part of United States. The characters take a journey, passing Texas, the post-apocalyptic landscape. During this time the novel is taken place, the country was experiencing depression and poverty. When McCarthy was writing this book, he was thinking about the future environment of of Texas. Narrative Techniques: The narrator is telling the novel in a third person point of view. The narrator is not part of the plot, though many times the narrator sounds like the Man. The narrator often describes the Manââ¬â¢s thoughts and opinions. The structure of this novel is unique because McCarthy is free to transition from one character to another. However, the main focus is on the Man. Biographical Information about the Author: Cormac McCarthy is a man born in Rhode Island on July 20, 1933. His parents were named Charles Joseph and Gladys Christian McGrail McCarthy. His had six siblings and he was the third of the six. McCarthyââ¬â¢s father was a lawyer which made his family move to many locations. His family had a Catholic background. He became a U.S. Air Force and returned to University of Tennessee in 1951. He majored in liberal arts and won many awards for his literary works. He then married to a woman named Lee Hollleman and had one son. Unfortunately, hisShow MoreRe latedThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy1531 Words à |à 7 Pagesof punishment that anyone could be faced with. Cormac McCarthy shows the reaction isolation had on the characters in The Road. The Road, by Cormac McCarthy, follows an unnamed father and son as they travel towards the coast in search of safety after the world has been destroyed by a catastrophe. As they travel the road, the father has to protect his son from the threat of strangers, starvation, exposure and harsh weather. In The Road, Cormac McCarthy shows how humans react to isolation by when theRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy1009 Words à |à 5 PagesLââ¬â¢Heureux II, John Lang and Lit Year 2 2/10/2017 Written Task 2 Title of the text for analysis: The Road by Cormac McCarthy,2006 Part of the course to which the task refers: Part 4- Literature, a critical study Prescribed question: How does the text conform to, or deviate from, the conventions of a particular genre, and for what purpose? My critical response will: ââ" Show how the text conforms to the post-apocalyptic genre. ââ" Show how resources, including basics such as food and water, are a scarcityRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy1584 Words à |à 7 Pagestime can be unbearable if one is stripped of the most basic necessities. Such an event can greatly affect the behaviour of a person, as well as the ability to distinguish right from wrong. But like the boy and his father in the novel The Road by Cormac McCarthy they stuck to their morals to overcome the hardships they face. The novels recurring themes such as companionship, survival, and good versus evil, prove that a persons moral standards could change in a time of need. Companionship plays anRead MoreThe Road by Cormac McCarthy1708 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Road by Cormac McCarthy is set in an apocalyptic world filled with hopelessness, mental fatigue, and few instances of happiness. Throughout the story, the man and the boy are looking for hope in anything and everything. Unfortunately every turn they take they continue to fall further into despair until they find a Coca-Cola. This soda has a unique meaning to the boy and the man. The Coca-Cola in Cormac McCarthyââ¬â¢s The Road symbolizes the worldââ¬â¢s regression and gives hope to the man and boy byRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy2405 Words à |à 10 PagesNovember 26, 2016 The Road by Cormac McCarthy and its View of Parental Love and Hope in a Post-Apocalyptic World The boy s father tells him My job is to take care of you. I was appointed to do that by God. I will kill anyone who touches you. Do you understand? (McCarthy The Road) this sends such a powerful message about instinct, hope, and paternal love. These words so passionately from the lips of the father perfectly describes Cormac McCarthy s story of The Road and the power a father sRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy968 Words à |à 4 Pagescompassion in the toughest of situations, and leads us toward paths of peace. In this essay, examples will be drawn from Zak Ibrahim s keynote presentation, The Road by Cormac McCarthy, Beautiful Boy; a film directed by Shawn Ku, and Harrison Bergeron by Kurt Vonnegut. The loss of a loved one can help us find compassion. In The Road by Cormac McCarthy, the boy is the most compassionate person in the whole novel. At the end of the novel, when the boy s father dies, the boy is not thinking about hisselfRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy1310 Words à |à 6 Pages ââ¬Å" The Roadâ⬠written by Cormac McCarthy is a novel which uses a large variety of different language features to shape the reader s reaction and leading the readers into thinking the idea that our current world really is fallible.ââ¬Å"The roadâ⬠is about a strong loving relationship between the father and son. Which is shown on every page of the novel. They are fighting for survival in this apocalyptic world of humanity which is heading to an end. For anyone realising that our world is fallible is quiteRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy2062 Words à |à 9 PagesReid Norberg Period 3 3/18/16 2016 AP Lodestar 1. Title: The Road Author: Cormac McCarthy Date of Publication: 2006 Genre: Post- apocalyptic fiction 2. The Road is a novel written by American author Cormac McCarthy. Although born in the North East, McCarthy was driven to the South West later in his life where he has since based most of his novels, including The Road. The Road tells a story of a man and his son in post apocalyptic America where the weather is winter-like and the ground isRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy1205 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Road by Cormac McCarthy a recurring theme in the story is gaining or losing hope. Throughout this story there are numerous instances and events that occur in which all seems lost at a dead end, but in those moment hope carries through and thrives. In this dystopian post apocalyptic world the man and boy are fighting to stay alive while keeping their humanity as well as searching for what humanity is left in this kill or be killed cannibalistic planet. As their time journeying down the road increasesRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy2128 Words à |à 9 PagesEverything is suddenl y amplified and survival automatically becoming a key component to most. So what else can actually matters? Relationships are lost, but some may grow stronger. Ethics are tested, and beliefs suddenly change. In the novel, The Road by Cormac McCarthy, begins with America - or assuming the whole world- had gone through a unpredictable apocalypse. Combining what is left of the society and the world falling dangerously apart, it has caused them to go through many dangers to survive. Through emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-17548547767131989822019-12-15T05:20:00.001-08:002019-12-15T05:20:07.318-08:00Intergrated Marketing Plan for Home Run Inn Pizza Free Essays Executive Summary The America frozen pizza market is the largest in the world; the US pizza market represents 43% of the global market. The magnitude of this market therefore, increases the Americans spending on frozen and fresh pizza to about $39. 8 billion each year. We will write a custom essay sample on Intergrated Marketing Plan for Home Run Inn Pizza or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was further confirmed through the Tyson Foodsââ¬â¢ presentation at the national pizza conference that 33% of Americans consume frozen pizza at least once in every two weeks. There is no doubt that the busy schedules and the increasing demands in the modern day American family life has contributed to the huge spending in the frozen pizza category. The understanding of the frozen pizza market by the competitors further increases the competitive obsession among the players in the market. These major brands are all spending a lot on promotional campaigns so as to stay at the top of the competition. The top ten names within the frozen pizza category are: Digiorno, Freschetta, Tonyââ¬â¢s, Red Baron, Tombstone, Bagel Bites, Totinoââ¬â¢s, California kitchen, Stoufferââ¬â¢s and Mystic Pizza. Despite its very rich history, good packaging approach and been the Chicago number one frozen pizza, Home Run Inn pizza has not fully succeeded in reaching out to its target audience the same way its competitors have, therefore, Home Run Inn Pizza does not make it to the top ten amongst itsââ¬â¢ competitors within the frozen pizza category. Our aim in this paper is to provide a comprehensive communication plan for Home Run Inn pizza in other to address its current market situation and provide an alternative campaign plan that will advance the awareness and recognition of the brand, Home Run Inn Pizza among its target audience. Brand Background Home Run Inn Pizza is the Chicago number one frozen pizza. The brand was started in West Side Chicago Bar, in the late 1940ââ¬â¢s-In the home of Vincent and Mary Grittani. Nick Perino joined his mother-in-law, Mary, to create the famous Home Run Inn pizza after he returned from the World War II and the task of taking care of his family became a prevailing issue. Mary Grittani on the other hand, was looking for a way to fill the vacuum created by the demise of her husband-Vincent Grittani. Having come together as a family driven by necessity, they developed the recipes for their pizza and began making pizza together in the Home Run Inn Kitchen tavern and served the pizza as a way of encouraging their customers to patronize their drink. As a result of the success achieved while their pizza was been served for ââ¬Å"luring purposeâ⬠, they seized the opportunity to launch into full time pizza production. While the demand for their pizza was growing bigger in the 50s, Nick started the frozen pizza approach in other to meet the increasing demands from the local people and those who lived far away (www. homeruninnpizza. om/our-story). Home Run Inn has over eight pizzerias operating in Chicago land and sells frozen pizza in more than twenty states in the United States. These locations are strategically located to meet the increase in demands of the pizza market. The name- Home Run Innâ⬠¦ Prior to the involvement of Nick Perrino, the name Home Run Inn has been in exi stence since 1923. The name came into being through an unexpected incident that happened while a baseball game was been played in the neighborhood. One of the balls that were thrown accidentally landed on the front window of Mary and Vincent Gritanniââ¬â¢s newly acquired Tavern, thereby hattered the window. This unexpected incident gave birth to the name popularly known today as ââ¬Å"Home Run Inn. â⬠Market Analysis As earlier mentioned, the frozen pizza industry is a multi-billion dollars worth industry and each competitor within this market is striving to stay on top so as to have the major share of the category among its target group. Despite the highly competitive nature of the frozen pizza market, Home Run Inn Pizza has 22. 4% of the market share with Digiorno pizza having the largest share of the category. In 2009, Home Run Inn sales through the conventional grocery store were reported to be $46. million. Home Run Inn may not be among the top 10 leading pizzas on the national level but the brand still maintain its number one position within its Chicago heritage. In other to further its market strength Home Run Inn will need to extend its market participation beyond Chicago land. Though, Home Run Inn sells pizza in other States like Denver, Colorado and plan to open more pizzerias to compete within the market. Logo/packaging Home Run In has a unique logo that makes it easily recognizable among its competitors. This uniqueness contributes positively to the brand recognition nd awareness of Home Run Inn pizza in the market place. In other to meet up with the competitive demands, Home Run Inn pizza comes in different packages and styles. The smaller size of the Home Run Inn is designed for the people on the-go, who will like to have pizza during work hours. Home Run Inn styles are part of its attributes. These are: Home Run Inn Classic cheese, Signature, and Ultra thin. Home Run Inn Classic Cheese- Classic Cheese Recipe was perfected in 1947, itâ⠬â¢s all: * All natural, no preservative, 0g trans fat per serving Available sizes: * 6 inch (7. oz) microwaveable, 10 inch (18. 5 oz), 12 inch (27. oz), 2-pack (54 oz) Ingredients: Crust: wheat flour, water, corn oil, yeast, salt Mozzarella cheese: Pasteurized part-skim milk, cheese cultures, salt, enzymes Sauce: Tomato puree, water, oregano, salt, black pepper Home Run Inn Signature Itââ¬â¢s: * All natural, No preservative, 0g trans fat per serving Available size: 12 inch (31 oz. ) Ingredients: Crust: Wheat flour, water, corn oil, yeast, salt Mozzarella cheese: Pasteurized part-skim milk, cheese cultures, salt, enzymes Sauce: Tomato puree, water, oregano, salt, black pepper Sausage: Pork, salt, spices, flavoring, Mushrooms Home Run Inn Ultra Thin crust Classic pizza dough, stretched out thin for a cracker-thin, crispy crust. Itââ¬â¢s: All natural, No preservative, 0g Trans fat Available sizes: * 6 inch (4 oz) microwaveable and 12 inch (16. 5 oz. ) Consumer Insight Home Run Inn started as a family business with a rich background; consumers having this knowledge tell their stories in various ways regarding their past and present relationship with the brand. We understand that consumers annot have same relationship with our product on the same level, while some have positive experience with our brand and are willing to buy again some are on the negative side while commenting on their experience with the brand Home Run Inn Pizza. Since our objective here is to revive our brand, using research instrument such as focus group will further allow us to get the opinions of the consumers. The information acquired through the opinion of the focus group would be used toward rebranding and updating our brand in the market place. The competition Home Run Inn competes within the frozen pizza category. The competitors with the Home Run Inn include the direct and the indirect competitors, who are both present to share the market with Home Run Inn Pizza. The direct competitors or the primary competitors are those within the same frozen pizza category with Home Run Inn; these include the private label brands and those groups that sell pizza through delivery via ordering online or eat-in. While the indirect competitors are the restaurants who do not sell pizza but their foods can be an alternative consumption for the pizza consumersââ¬â¢ market. These competitors are group under the following: Brand-HRI| Competitors/category: Direct- frozen| Indirect-as alternatives | Category-frozen| Digiorno, Freschetta, Tonyââ¬â¢s, Red Baron, Tomstone, Bagel Bites, Totinoââ¬â¢s , California, Stoufferââ¬â¢s, Mystic Pizza, Sams Club, Take and Bake, Ginoââ¬â¢s East, Palermoââ¬â¢s, Newmanââ¬â¢s own and all private label pizza. | Subway, McDonalds, Kentucky fried Chicken, Chipotle, Bueno beef, Popeyes, Olive garden, PF Changs, Red lobster, Chinese buffets, Dennyââ¬â¢s and all the local restaurants. | Unfrozen-DirectDominos, Pizza hut, Mystic Pizza, Papa Jones, Rosatiââ¬â¢s, Giordano, Chicago pizza, Jimmy Jones and all the pizza delivery restaurants. | | The brand image of Home Run Inn The perception of the consumers toward Home Run Inn is that of a family person who is caring, welcoming and willing to offer immediate solution to the wants of its consumers. We hope to further build on this image in this campaign. The bra nd value of Home Run Inn The brand value of Home Run Inn lies in its rich history-The consumers still ttach so much to the traditional heritage of the brand which places the brand as the Chicago number one among its audience. Home Run Inn brand Personality Home Run Inn is caring. We hope to use this personality to appeal to our target audience in our campaign for Home run Inn. Home Run Inn brand voice Home Run Inn frozen pizza brand voice sounds affectionate and persuasive to its consumers. The voice recognizes the busy nature of everyday life and its calling persuasively and tenderly, that it can help to reduce that burden of cooking after a busy day. What makes Home Run Inn Different? According to the Chicago Tribune, Home Run Inn Pizza is noted for its very distinctive ââ¬Å"crustyâ⬠pizza and making its own sausage for its pizza. Home Run Inn SWOT Analysis Strength| weakness| * It has a rich history * Itââ¬â¢s number one frozen pizza brand in Chicago * It operates pizzerias where family can visit and buy pizza * Itââ¬â¢s easy to prepare * It has potential for growth | * According to some consumers in Indiana it is very difficult to find Home Run Inn pizza to buy in Indiana. * Inadequate brand awareness * No major TV Ads * More focused on Chicago market| Opportunity| Threat| * The frozen pizza market is big therefore, Home Run Inn can take advantage of the market * Opportunity to benefit from the huge amount spent by the consumers yearly * Home Run Inn can come up with new product, this can increase their market share| * The tough competition from the direct and the indirect competitors is the major treat * The private labels whose products are cheaper pose serious threat to the existence of Home Run in the market * The local restaurants provide an alternative choice for consumers. | Communication objective Our communication objective for Home Run Inn pizza is to increase the brand awareness and recognition among the target audience. Marketing Objective While the marketing objective for Home Run Inn is to increase sales of the brand by generating trial among the would-be consumers. Through our gorilla marketing we would encourage our target group to taste our newly branded Home Run Inn. Home Run Inn Target Audience Home Run Inn key target audience is mum with kids from age 3-12. She has a busy schedule; she is concerned about feeding her family right within her daily routine. She is the decision maker at home when it comes to what the family eats and she loves her family to enjoy freshly baked, healthy and well prepared pizza within the comfort of her home. Therefore, she is considering healthy and none-time consuming pizza that will bring satisfaction to her family feeding experience. Home Run Inn brand position Home Run Inn is family oriented; therefore, our brand is strategically positioned among mums with kids who have busy lives and are concerned with the well-being of their family. Creative brief for Home Run Inn Pizza 1. What is the opportunity and/or Problem the advertising must address? Home Run Inn though is referred to as Chicago number one yet the brand is not well known among some pizza enthusiast as a result they donââ¬â¢t consider buying the brand. Even those who claimed to know the brand still donââ¬â¢t buy. They would rather buy brand like Digiorno because it has ongoing advertisement which easily brings the brand to memory when they see it on display in the stores. We want to address this problem of lack of awareness through our advertising and make our target market to be informed and aware of our brand. . What do we want people to do as a result of the advertisement? As a result of our advertisement we want consumers to consider Home Run Inn Pizza first when they think of buying frozen pizza. 3. Who are we talking to? Mums with kids between ages 3-12: We are talking to ups and doing mums with kids, who like to feed their family rights despite their busy schedules. They are health c onscious; they love to eat good pizza with their family within the comfort of their homes. 4. Whatââ¬â¢s the key response that we want? We want our target audience to feel that Home Run Inn pizza is the right food for them because it is healthy. 5. What information/attributes might help produce this response? Information such as: our brand rich history and the availability of different styles that may meet the desired need of our target market. 6. What aspect of brand personality should the advertising express? The aspect of brand personality that the advertising should express should be the friendly, approachable and reliable aspect of our brand. 7. Are there media or budget consideration? Yes, there are media considerations. We hope to use social media marketing tools to engage our target market. We will embark on guerilla campaign and the traditional TV ads. Since, our target audience is mum with kids, we would use print media advertising campaign that will directly appeal to mumââ¬â¢s plight. Our print advertisement will use both the billboards and the magazines channel. 8. This could be helpfulâ⬠¦ * The name Home Run Inn was given to the pizza through an accidental landing of base ball on the founderââ¬â¢s tavern * Home Run Inn was founded in Chicago * Itââ¬â¢s a family owned businessâ⬠¦ Our CTB statement for Home Run Inn Convince mum with kids that Home Run Inn is the best pizza in the market because is healthy and easy to prepare. PR/Promotion for Home Run Inn Pizza Theme: when pizza mattersâ⬠¦ PR: Home Run Inn will leverage partnership with the Boys scout of Chicago during its 3rd Annual ââ¬Å"Scout Night with the Chicago Fire Soccer Clubâ⬠. During the night out event, Home Run Inn will supply free pizza to the first 200 attendee of the event while every other attendee after the first 200 will have the opportunity of receiving Home Run Inn coupons. PROMO We will have promotional slogan for Home Run Inn Pizza during the eventâ⬠¦Because we careâ⬠¦ Our plan for the promotion is to encourage people to donate 10 cents for each box of Home Run Inn pizza they purchase; the proceed will be given towards providing support for the Chicago fire soccer club. We hope to achieve this plan by asking consumers to buy Home Run Inn Pizza four times and get the fifth one free, provided they show proof of purchase. Spider Chart: xxx Magazine campaign Ad #1: xxx (Woman thinking) Whenever I think of Homeâ⬠¦I think of youâ⬠¦Home Run Inn Pizza, feeding made easyâ⬠¦ Ad #2: xxx (Tired woman) No matter how tired I amâ⬠¦Home Run Inn has the magicâ⬠¦Home Run Innâ⬠¦we feed rightâ⬠¦ Direct/Internet marketing * Mailing- Home Run Inn coupons will be mailed out to the homes of those people we know buy our product. The inscription on our envelope will readâ⬠¦because we careâ⬠¦ We will also mail invitations to them concerning The Chicago Boys Scout Night out. We will encourage them to come and be part of the event as ââ¬Å"free pizzaâ⬠will be served to the first 200 attendee of the event. * Email- Email will also be sent out regarding the Chicago Boys Scout Night Out event. The subject of our email also will be â⬠¦because we careâ⬠¦We will inform our target in the email that they can bring members of their family to the event since we are family focused brandâ⬠¦ Free pizza for the first 200 peopleâ⬠¦ Rationale Home Run Inn target audience is mum with kids; having this background knowledge influences our strategic approach towards rebranding our product among the target audience. While strengthening the brand among the earlier mentioned target audience, we do believe that new market will be gained that will eventually lead to an increase in patronage of our brand in the market lace. References 1. Our Story: Retrieved on 08/07/2012, from http://www. homeruninnpizza. com/our-story/history-a 2. Home Run Inn Pizza scores in retail arena with frozen niche: Retrieved on 08/07/2012, from http://www. findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m3190/is_n12_v28/ai_14919920/ 3. Home Run Inn Tops Chicago in frozen pizza sales: Retrieved on 08/08/2012, from http ://www. mediapost. com/publications/article/121542/home-run-inn-tops-chicago-market-in-frozen-pizza-s. html 4. Consumers Reports put frozen pizza to the test: Retrieved on 08/08/2012, from http://www. pizzamarketplace. om/article/178146/Consumer-Reports-puts-frozen-pizza-to-the-test 5. Pizza Quest, Home Run Inn and Palermoââ¬â¢s: Enterprise builders. Retrieved on 08/09/2012, from http://jimbaker. wordpress. com/2010/02/01/pizzaquest/ 6. Frozen Pizza: Which Taste Best? Retrieved on 08/09/2012, from http://www. goodhousekeeping. com/product-reviews/food/food-products/frozen-pizza 7. Frozen pizza Hits a growth Bump: Retrieved on 08/09/2012, from http://www. supermarketguru. com/index. cfm/go/sg. viewarticle/articled/2120 8. Top 10 frozen pizzas: : Retrieved on 08/09/2012, from, http://www. dailypress. com/news/dp-toptenlist. o14,0,3664087. story How to cite Intergrated Marketing Plan for Home Run Inn Pizza, Essay examples emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-71905907090382724322019-12-07T02:04:00.001-08:002019-12-07T02:04:03.982-08:00Evidence Based Practice in Nursing Care and Treatment Question: How important it is to equip nurses at the hospitals with a critical bent of mind? Answer: Introduction Evidence based practice in nursing helps in the providing better care and treatment to the patients. This particular approach helps in building expertise from the clinical aspect along with it, aiding in devising decisions that will provide an economic way of treatment for the patient as well as the health care management (Groves, Burns Gray, 2014). From the given case study, the question that arises is, How important it is to equip nurses at the hospitals with a critical bent of mind? The management at the hospitals should ask themselves this particular question while appointing nurses. Nursing is no longer limited to simple take care of a patient (DiCenso, Guyatt Ciliska, 2014). It as an all-round job when, at times the nurses might have to fill into the shoes of a physician in his absence. An able nurse would do it at ease; however, one who lacks that particular bent of mind might land up losing a patient due to her lack of judgement (LoBiondo et al., 2013). Hence, this idea ha s been explored in details, based on the framework of evidence based practice. According to the case study, two nurses, Jessica, Emily and Chloe, were conflicted in their opinion where Chloe wanted Emily to continue using the auscultatory based sphygmomanometer where as Jessica wanted Emily to use the oscillatory based sphygmomanometer. Having a critical bent of mind would have made Emily realize that both the instruments have their own level of advantages and a single one does not triumph the other. The two different types of blood pressure measurement are exclusive for the ambulatory blood pressure measurement (ABPM) (Levin Feldman, 2012). The auscultatory method of measuring blood pressure uses the Korotkoff sound which emanates from an acoustic transducer signal. The auscultatory based sphygmomanometer is similar in function as the normal blood pressure measurement (Polit Beck, 2013). The accuracy level is quite high of this device. It measures the systolic and diastolic pressure of the heart which is combined with the disappearance and appearance of soun ds. The disadvantage includes the poor assessment of blood pressure during weak signals of Korotkoff (Hauck, Winsett Kuric, 2014). This drawback is overcome in an oscillometry based sphygmomanometer. A similar measurement is carried out by the oscillometry based sphygmomanometer where the blood pressure can be measured even in the absence of the Korotkoff signal (Melnyk et al., 2013). It does not require a microphonic sensor. However, it has its own share of disadvantages. The accuracy of the reading is based on the algorithms that used to analyse the signals. A sound knowledge of the instruments would have made the nurses realize that these two instruments are not that different from each other. This was just one of the instances. There are several reports and case studies that can be found in the archives of the Nurses and Midwifery Board of Australia where lack of competence has made a patient lose a life and later the responsible nurse had to go through legal hassles (Straka, Brandt Brytus, 2013). One of the common problems that nurses as well as physicians face is the issue of medication safety. The government of Australia has issued the standards and Medication safety forms the fourth point. According to this standard, the nurses and the physicians have to practice safety while administering medicines to the patients (Dearholt Dang, 2012). Most of the times it has been observed that due to lack of proper communication, or a lag in the performance of the nurses, the patients well being gets compromised. There have been instances where the patient lost his life due to wrong dosage of a medication or lack of skills in administering the dosages (Grove, Burns Gray, 2012). There have been technological advances like smart IVs, computerized physician order entry, avoid adverse effect of drug, bar code verification technology, implementation of monitoring improvement, introduction of no interruption zone in critical care units, and several other modifications have been made in order to help nurses become more vigilant and attentive towards the well being of their patients (Abbott, Sherry Simmons, 2013). Along with all sorts of technicalities, it is also important for the nurses to be conceptually sound. Most of the times it has been seen, that the nurses do not pursue subjects, like biochemistry or human anatomy, in their nursing courses; the common reason being the criticality of the subjects and the poor success rate (Friesens-Storms et al., 2015). However, the lack of knowledge of these two important subjects creates a dent in the competence of the nurses. It is necessary for a nurse to know about the different human body parts and about their function and locations. It becomes handy during a diagnostic session with the patient in the absence of the physician (Stetler et al., 2014). The adverse effect of drugs can be avoided if the nurse is well versed in the chemical composition of the drug. In this way, without the aid or the prescription of the physician, the nurse herself can administer the dosages as per the requirement of the students. It helps in saving a lot of precious t ime on the part of the patient (Dogherty et al., 2013). Other than the technicalities as well as the concepts, nurses also need to develop certain personal attributes in order to serve their patients with quality treatment and care. The case study showed how upset Emily appeared with her patient who was apparently a child. She had lost her patience while dealing with the child, and had wished to be done with him soon enough (Flynn et al., 2012). Patients are unruly and demanding most of the times. Therefore, it is expected that the nurses would pay attention to all their needs and fulfil all their demands without losing a hair. It might sound like a one-way street, however, the sense of duty comes first and everything else takes a back seat in the life of the nurse (Freeman et al., 2013). Patience is a virtue and nobody has ever regretted for having developed it. Nurses should also develop leadership qualities so that they can come forward with ideas in order to improve the management and make it work in favour of the patients (Galanter e t al., 2013). The healthcare expenses are shooting through the roof these days. A smart nurse would offer a suggestion, post proper negotiation with the patient and his family, and settle down with something that is feasible and easier to meet. Compassion and good behaviour are irreplaceable characteristics in a nurse (Hakkarainen et al., 2012). They should also abide by all the medical and nursing standards that have been framed for them. It helps them from getting embroiled in legal hassles due to their carelessness in paying attention to the nitty-grittys of the standards framed by the Nurses and Midwifery Board of Australia (Ohashi et al., 2014). The management at the hospitals should devise a curriculum for the nursing students so that they inculcate these attributes in their characters before being professionally working as a nurse. The course work also needs to be revised to make sure that the nurses are equipped with all the possible concepts that will prove to be helpful for themselves while appraising the condition of a patient in the absence of a supervising physician. There should also be brainstorming sessions to realize how far they are progressing in their courses and whether they will be able to handle the pressure once they join a hospital. The needs in a hospitals scenario are very different from that of attending regular classes. Long with their course work sessions, they should be given hands on experience on several subject matters such as the human anatomy. The subject should be taught in an embedded fashion with the theory paper. It will provide a better learning of the subject and also ease out the student s who are constantly worried about not being able to clear the paper. Conclusion Every person, every patient, who visits a hospital, hopes to receive a quality treatment, recover soon and step out of the hospital as a new person. The nurses play an important role in making this desire a reality. Yes, nurses are human too. It might be definitely physically and emotionally tolling for them to carry out a tedious job. However, the well being of the patient should be the priority. They would have to work harder to match up to the expectations of the patients. Proper knowledge of the condition of the patient will help the nurse to make a better assessment of the patient and provide help for a speedy recovery. A lack of these attributes can in an unfortunate situation prove to be fatal for the patient. Hence, the hospital management should be a little wary while appointing nurses. So much depend on their hands. Evidence based practices is hugely successful in building the competence of the nurses as previous case studies make them assess the situation with a current pa tient. Although nothing can replace the level of expertise one gains from experience rather than studying case studies. However, in order to receive a background, thorough study of previous cases as noted by the doctors and available online, should be studied carefully by the nurses. Reference Abbott, P., Mc Sherry, R., Simmons, M. (Eds.). (2013).Evidence-informed nursing: A guide for clinical nurses. Routledge. Dearholt, S., Dang, D. (2012).Johns Hopkins nursing evidence-based practice: Models and guidelines. Sigma Theta Tau. DiCenso, A., Guyatt, G., Ciliska, D. (2014).Evidence-based nursing: A guide to clinical practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Dogherty, E. J., Harrison, M. B., Graham, I. D., Vandyk, A. D., Keeping?Burke, L. (2013). Turning Knowledge Into Action at the Point?of?Care: The Collective Experience of Nurses Facilitating the Implementation of Evidence?Based Practice.Worldviews on Evidence?Based Nursing,10(3), 129-139. Flynn, L., Liang, Y., Dickson, G. L., Xie, M., Suh, D. C. (2012). Nurses practice environments, error interception practices, and inpatient medication errors. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 44(2), 180-186. Freeman, R., McKee, S., Lee-Lehner, B., Pesenecker, J. (2013). Reducing interruptions to improve medication safety. Journal of nursing care quality,28(2), 176-185. Friesen-Storms, J. H., Bours, G. J., van der Weijden, T., Beurskens, A. J. (2015). Shared decision making in chronic care in the context of evidence based practice in nursing.International journal of nursing studies,52(1), 393-402. Galanter, W., Falck, S., Burns, M., Laragh, M., Lambert, B. L. (2013). Indication-based prescribing prevents wrong-patient medication errors in computerized provider order entry (CPOE). Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 20(3), 477-481. Grove, S. K., Burns, N., Gray, J. (2012).The practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence. Elsevier Health Sciences. Grove, S. K., Burns, N., Gray, J. R. (2014).Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence-based practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hakkarainen, K. M., Hedna, K., Petzold, M., Hgg, S. (2012). Percentage of patients with preventable adverse drug reactions and preventability of adverse drug reactionsa meta-analysis. PloS one, 7(3), e33236. Hauck, S., Winsett, R. P., Kuric, J. (2013). Leadership facilitation strategies to establish evidence?based practice in an acute care hospital.Journal of advanced nursing,69(3), 664-674. Levin, R. F., Feldman, H. R. (2012).Teaching evidence-based practice in nursing. Springer Publishing Company. LoBiondo-Wood, G., Haber, J., Berry, C., Yost, J. (2013).Study Guide for Nursing Research: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-based Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Melnyk, B. M., Gallagher?Ford, L., Long, L. E., Fineout?Overholt, E. (2014). The establishment of evidence?based practice competencies for practicing registered nurses and advanced practice nurses in real?world clinical settings: proficiencies to improve healthcare quality, reliability, patient outcomes, and costs.Worldviews on Evidence?Based Nursing,11(1), 5-15. Ohashi, K., Dalleur, O., Dykes, P. C., Bates, D. W. (2014). Benefits and risks of using smart pumps to reduce medication error rates: a systematic review. Drug safety, 37(12), 1011-1020. Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T. (2013).Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Stetler, C. B., Ritchie, J. A., Rycroft?Malone, J., Charns, M. P. (2014). Leadership for evidence?based practice: strategic and functional behaviors for institutionalizing EBP.Worldviews on Evidence?Based Nursing,11(4), 219-226. Stevens, K. (2013). The impact of evidence-based practice in nursing and the next big ideas.The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing,18(2). Straka, K. L., Brandt, P., Brytus, J. (2013). Brief report: Creating a culture of evidence-based practice and nursing research in a pediatric hospital.Journal of pediatric nursing,28(4), 374-378. emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-21495584844188582902019-11-29T13:46:00.001-08:002019-11-29T13:46:05.877-08:00Observation of Child Growth Essay ExampleObservation of Child Growth Essay Introduction red Development blue ââ¬â Conclusion orange Individualismââ¬â Giving priority to oneââ¬â¢s own goals over group à à à goals and defining oneââ¬â¢s identity in terms of personal attributes à à à rather than group identification. For the first time in my life I am being an individualist. I am giving greater priority to my own personal goals. I honestly donââ¬â¢t know what I was thinking changing careers at the age of 42 but I am determined to get my nursing degree. For the next 2 years it will be about me and my own personal achievements. Aggression ââ¬â Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt à à à someone. I was married for 11 years to a very physically and verbally abusive man. Daily he told me what a piece of crap I was and belittled me every chance he got. He broke my nose, burnt my car to the ground and just about anything you could imagine. His aggression nearly destroyed me as a person. I am so thankful today to be out of that relationship. Human Growth and Development The child that is being observed is a little girl named Aliyah. She is 6 years of age and she is of African-American decent. She has curly black hair that comes down her back. She is somewhat larger than your average 6-year-old child. We will write a custom essay sample on Observation of Child Growth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Observation of Child Growth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Observation of Child Growth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She is about 4 feet 2 inches tall and weighs about 80 pounds. I am observing her while she is doing her homework. She is studying for the state testing which will be taking place in April. She truly demonstrates her cognitive skills by her studying methods and by how well her memory is able to quickly retain the information that she is studying. Due to her early education she is able to learn new words, which depicts the finer motor skills in child development that is more often found in girls. Aliyah is excited that she only has 4 pages of homework to do; she smiles gently at her mother who is helping her. Aliyah demonstrates the child functions that relate to the theories of middle childhood that are listed below. Middle Childhood These years are very important during ones development. During this time, children learn to read and calculate, develop social skills to interact with other children and significant adults, and, more generally, acquire the wider cultural and social values of citizenship. Understanding how this time affects later development should help policymakers better allocate resources across childhood (and the life course) to enhance childrens development and minimize their risk of negative adult outcomes. Physical Growth Growth slow in middle childhood, and wide differences in Child development that occurs from birth to adulthood was largely ignored throughout much of history. Children were often viewed simply as small versions of adults and little attention was paid to the many advances in cognitive abilities, language usage, and physical growth. Interest in the field of child development began early in the 20th-century and tended to focus on abnormal behavior. The following are just a few of the many child development theories that have been proposed by theorists and researchers. More recent theories outline the developmental stages of children and identify the typical ages at which these growth milestones occur. Sigmund Freud The theories proposed by Sigmund Freud stressed the importance of childhood events and experiences, but almost exclusively focused on mental disorders rather that normal functioning. According to Freud, child development is described as a series of psychosexual stages. In Three Essays on Sexuality (1915), Freud outlined these stages as oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. Each stage involves the satisfaction of a libidinal desire and can later play a role in adult personality. Learn more in this article on Freudââ¬â¢s stages of psychosexual development. Erik Erikson Theorist Erik Erikson also proposed a stage theory of development, but his theory encompassed development throughout the human lifespan. Erikson believed that each stage of development was focused on overcoming a conflict. Success or failure in dealing with conflicts can impact overall functioning. Learn more about this theory in this article on Eriksonââ¬â¢s stages of psychosocial development. Cognitive Child Development Theories Theorist Jean Piaget suggested that children think differently than adults and proposed a stage theory of cognitive development. He was the first to note that children play an active role in gaining knowledge of the world. Learn more in this article on Piagetââ¬â¢s stages of cognitive development. Behavioral Child Development Theories Behavioral theories of child development focus on how environmental interaction influences behavior and are based upon the theories of theorists such as John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov and B. F. Skinner. These theories deal only with observable behaviors. Development is considered a reaction to rewards, punishments, stimuli and reinforcement. Learn more about these behavioral theories in these articles on classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Social Child Development Theories There is a great deal of research on the social development of children. John Bowbly proposed one of the earliest theories of social development. Bowlby believed that early relationships with caregivers play a major role in child development and continue to influence social relationships throughout life. Learn more in this overview of attachment theory. Did You Know? She claims that psychological research and political culture is highly influenced by, or should I say contaminated with, the myth of motherhood. Up to 19th century motherhood was not a full time job and an essential component for a healthy child development. This approach started to change at the end of the 19th century, when under the influence of politics, clergy and psychology, the weight of childs development was shifted from the society and father almost exclusively onto mother. It was believed at that time that what happens to the child is largely a product of who the mother is and what she does or does not do (Silverstein, 1026). The theory of heavy influence of mothers behavior on the child has been the subject of the research by Bowlby and Spitz on child care. It has led them both to similar conclusions. The research has shown that emotional disorders and intellectual retardation observed in institutionalized infants were the result of the deprivation of a continuous relationship with mother (Silverstein, 1026). This conclusion would seem completely logical if it was not for the fact that mothers actions, or their lack, were the only factor taken under consideration in the study. That problem was noticed by Rutter, who after analyzing his studies, came to a very challenging conclusion. He concluded that emotional disorders and intellectual retardation (? ) were the consequence of a wide range of factors (Silverstein, Early Child Development Early Child Development There are many key factors that play up to the role of early child development, starting from before the child is nonexistent, until the child is a full grown baby. Bodily Processes of Reproduction There are numerous hormones in the human body that play key factors in allowing a human being to reproduce successfully When infants are born they want to be loved and cared in what ever relationships they are with their caregivers, so that they could survive and could feel sense of à security and warmth , which without a caregiver is impossible ,talking about caregivers ,mother would be the primary source of forming an infants first relationship by whom the baby would take his first leap towards his growth and development and would keep continuing making his advances further in many domains of psychological development , whether social or cognitive. Some key features which play an important role in his early psychological development are meshing, imitation, and scaffolding . But which theoretical approach of à development would imply in infants early psychological development à , will it be behaviorism, nativism, constructivism or social constructivism or will they over lap with one another in their implication thus it would be à analyzed and explored during the mother and infant interaction and behaviour in different processes like imitation, scaffolding etc but what are these processes? And how they influence and play an important role in types of psychological development (social, cognitive, and in language development) KEY FEATURES OF INFANT FIRST RELATIONSHIP Meshing is one of the key features of relationship in mother ? infant interaction. Behaviour of both an infant and mother are meshed together. The common situation of meshing is witnessed when a smooth conversation between two people is going on and each person waits for his turn taking either to speak or to listen, this indicates mutual action happening simultaneously. Trevarthen(1993) called it as co-regulation the aspects of turn taking and synchronizing, furthermore he described them through speech and non verbal behaviour, such as nods, eye contacts emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-61552309121596376022019-11-25T17:07:00.001-08:002019-11-25T17:07:05.572-08:00The Airline Industry AirbusThe Airline Industry Airbus Abstract The airline industry has witnessed increased competition in the last few decades brought about by realignment of the key players in the sector. Airbus relies on a unique business model that aims in providing cost effectiveness through engineer to order systems while Boeing places more emphasis on the interests of the customers during production.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Airline Industry: Airbus specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Both companies are always investing heavily in technological developments with the aim of producing cost effective jets. There exist comparisons between the production strategies of the two manufacturers while concerted measures are required to address the inherent risks in the business. Innovation and utilisation of advanced technology remains the major driver of product development in the aircraft industry. Introduction The airline industry has witnessed increased competit ion in the last few decades brought about by realignments of the key players in the sector. While Boeing and Airbus are the dominant players in the field, other smaller entities have surfaced with innovative business strategies aimed at carving a niche ion the production of high speed jet liners. Innovation and incorporation of the latest technology has resulted in spirited competition between the two giants with Airbus narrowing the gap on its rival in the last ten years. The success in the airlines production business is sustained through adoption of unique and customer focused production development strategy. This essay will provide a summary and a comparison of the product development strategy for airbus and Boeing, other competitors in jet liners production and various ways in which Airbus can spread the major risks facing its ventures. Boeing and Airbus product development strategy Boeing Company has continually led its competitors in the production of commercial jet liners ca pable of ferrying hundreds of passengers at a time. While Airbus has continually challenged its grip at the helm, the innovativeness and consideration of consumers interests in the production phase has made to hold on to the market leader position. The two companies share similarities in that their production is inherently reliant on the most recent and advanced technology aimed at fulfilling the customised demand of their customers. Boeing has dominated the business in the America region while the Asian and European airlines usually rely on jets assembled by airbus.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Airbus relies on a unique business model that aims in spreading its core activities in different countries across the globe thus ensuring the integration of all related services during the production. In fact, the 160 locations distributed across the globe are complement ed by combination of research and development centers and manufacturing bases strategically situated in Spain, Germany, UK and France. Moreover, the company operates several subsidiaries in china and recently in Japan and North America. Airbus greatly relies on a unique engineer-order strategy that has continually boosted the synchronisation of the supply in relation to the demand systems (Airbus, 2010). More importantly, the manufacturer has embraced a consortium-oriented approach in relation to its product development. This is achieved through its reliance on the high degree of integration of the production process largely in the single-aisle and the popular wide-body commercial jets. The integration process has resulted in airbus producing the largest airplane (A380) with the capacity to carry slightly below 800 passengers at a time that was to provide intense competition to Boeing 787 dream liner (Airbus In addition to the production systems, Airbus has established several distr ibution centers for its spare parts in the Far East with the sole intention of fulfilling the needs of the Chinese commercial fleet market. The strategic move adopted by Airbus that depicted a constellation of beneficiaries in the fleet business has endeared them to chin and several governments in the globe, hence creating a competitive edge over its main rivals. On the other hand, Boeing Company came up with an innovative strategy with the sole intention of introducing jet liners with unique and new features from the available models in the world. The company adopted a longer-range product strategy that will enhance the production of large aircraft with capabilities of achieving higher speeds and carrying more than 500 passengers. Boeing production strategy is inherently focused on developing aircraft according to the needs and demands of the customers. In fact, their research and development team has dedicated their efforts in developing a faster and larger aircraft that would enh ance time savings during travels and reduce overall transportation costs for the airlines. According to Boeing (2010), the company continuously engages in communication with its customers with regard to the type and nature of flights that could prove useful in the long term.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Airline Industry: Airbus specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The customersââ¬â¢ desires of larger and faster aircrafts resulted in the initiation of development efforts towards aircraft that proved satisfactory to the customers. With more emphasis on custonmer preferences, Boeing has incorporated several features such as higher speeds, environmental benefits occasioned by quieter landings and largely by takeoffs in their development efforts. More importantly, the incorporation of longer range and planes with the ability to offer comfort while cruising at higher altitudes brought new excitement in commercial av iation. Boeing production strategy is therefore reliant on distance and capacity to enhance cost effectiveness in the airlines industry (Campos, 2001). How does Airbus strategy compare with Boeings? Airbus and Boeing are ideal examples of a comprehensive competitive case especially in the manufacture and marketing of their products. For the last three decades, the two rival rivals have engaged in stiff competition with airbus wrestling Boeing as the market leader (Irwin Pavcnik, 2004). Despite the fact that both rivals utilise different strategies in their production, similarities are inherent especially in their business models. Both companies are always investing heavily in technological developments with the aim of producing cost effective jets, thereby resulting in production of more variants while taking shorter time to introduce them in the markets. For instance, airbus integrates Windchill solutions to optimise its overall performance in operations and maintenance (Parametri c Technology Corporation, 2010). On the other hand, Boeing utilises team center solutions to improve on the life cycle management of its products. Although the companies have recorded different success with the software in the past several years, both still acknowledge the merits occasioned by their appropriate utilisation (Irwin Pavcnik, 2004). With regard to previous setbacks in aircraft development brought about by incompatibilities in the software, airbus has embraced latest technological solutions that enhance the synchronisation of its operations. Windchill and team center solutions has brought on board innovation and improved productivity through seamlessly linking people and product processes with invaluable knowledge throughout the life cycle (Leea et al, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Who else is competing for the high-speed jet liner? After many years of dominance by Boeing and lately by airbus, the jetliner business is gaining momentum amid increased competition and investment in production by Chinese manufacturers. In addition to the Chinese manufacturer, Embraer has emerged as a formidable force in the jet industry and has continually increased its market share. The Brazilian based outfit is popularly credited in the production of not only commercial and executive aircraft but also military and in the provision of comprehensive aeronautical services to airlines especially in large parts of South America. Although the company do not have the financial and infrastructural capability to destabilise the duo-poly enjoyed by the two main rivals, the Brazilian conglomerate has created itself a niche in the narrow-body category. In fact, the Embraer E-jets series have gained wide acceptance hence substantially improving its presence in the globe, although it faces st iff competition from Bombardier Aerospace in the manufacturing of jets especially in the regional market. The duopoly exhibited by the two giants will come under check once china unveils its fleet of home-grown jetliners. The collaboration between several US companies with the Chinese government aims to set up the requisite infrastructure that will eventually herald the initiation of manufacture of C919. Although the first batch of the aircraft is expected not earlier than 2016, major realignments in the aviation have started shaping with many companies placing orders for the aircrafts. The tough regulations put in place for investors and partners in the venture are likely to cause loss of business for both rivals owing to the fact that china is expected to be the single largest country to experience exponential growth in air traffic and infrastructure in the next 20 years (MacPherson Pritchard, 2003). The determination of the Chinese government and the heavy investments in the pro ject is believed to enhance the successful completion of the project that will eventually set pace for china to emerge as the leading manufacture of jet liners with capacity of slightly more than 150 passengers. Although the collapse of Soviet Union destabilised the economic power of Russia and aircraft manufacturers, llyushin and Tupolev still produce large jets despite commanding a slice of the market share. Through their jets with capacities of between 200 to 400 passengers, the manufacturers still produce aircrafts mainly for countries in Europe although majority of the designs have since ceased production owing to a constellation of market forces (Irwin Pavcnik, 2004). Plans are underway to create a major aircraft manufacture in Russia through consolidation of the fragmented aircraft manufacturer. Its worth noting that there is urgent to consolidate the ineffective aircraft manufacturers while investing colossal amounts of money in order to offer any meaningful competition to Airbus and Boeing in the long term. Spreading of inherent risks in Airbus ventures Like any other venture, Airbus has suffered diverse challenges and setbacks in its production and largely its marketing strategy of their fleet owing to wide reengaging factors in the business environment. Delays in production and design coupled with economic factors have proved the major factors that have continually the smooth running of operations. The weakening of the dollar and the failure to acquire requisite materials needed to ensure the aircraft conform to the projected designs has led to increased frustrations to both the management team and the buyers. In order to address the challenges, Airbus must take concerted efforts towards mitigating its production and marketing from external shocks. Risk sharing through spreading of components of production in different continents will cushion the company from external shocks experienced in a specific country. The spread of the various components su ch as assembly, design and largely fabrication has ensured the airline stays profitable and also cushions it from unwarranted economic sanctions. In fact, its embracement of a common pooling of various investors based in different countries has resulted in the popularity of its jet-liners in Europe and china. Outsourcing some of its con-core services and maintenance services can diminish the risks particularly in terms of assembly costs. Contracting of India and Chinese firms to maintain the jet-liners plying the Far East routes will enhance savings in terms of time and money for the airlines and the manufacturer. More importantly, the internationalisation of its core operations such as assembling helps it concentrate in mass production of specific categories of its fleet (Airbus, 2010). For instance, the final assembly point in china has rapidly enhanced the production of A320 family fleets. Risks sharing cushioned the company the hard effects of the global meltdown. Decentralisati on of its core operations will also improve the overall manufacturing process thereby meeting the consumer specifications while maintaining limited noise externally and also on the cabins. It is worth noting that the engineer to order system employed by Airbus has enhanced its ability to cushion itself from unexpected shocks since it allows high level of process integration across the various categories of jets (Irwin Pavcnik, 2004). Conclusion The divergent approaches adopted by the manufacturers in the production system have occasioned development of different variants of aircrafts that has caused realignment of customers. More importantly, Airbus has strengthened its expansion programs and upgraded its technological solutions thereby ensuring synchronisation of its core operations. To remain cost effective and competitive in the aircraft industry, the manufacturers must whole heartedly embrace technology, take into consideration customersââ¬â¢ preferences and decentralise maj ority of the core operations to remain afloat in turbulent economic times. Reference list Airbus. (2010). Corporate information: people and organization. Web. Boeing. (2010). Commercial airplanes. Web. Campos, L. (2001). On the competition between Airbus and Boeing. Air Space Europe, 3(1-2), 11-14. GLG Expert Contributor. (2007). Airbus Failure and Boeings Success with Project Life Cycle Management Software. New York: Management GLG Management. Web. Irwin, D. Pavcnik, N. (2004). Airbus versus Boeing revisited: international competition in the aircraft market. Journal of International Economics, 64(2), 223-245. Leea, S., Maa, S., Thimma, S. Verstraeten, J. (2008). Product lifecycle management in aviation maintenance, repair and overhaul. Computers in Industry, 59(2-3), 296-303. MacPherson, A. Pritchard, D. (2003). The international decentralisation of US commercial aircraft production: implications for US employment and trade. Futures, 35(3), 221-238. Parametric Technology Corpor ation. (2010). Airbus Strengthens Its Strategic Partnership with PTC with Deployment of Windchillà ®. Web. emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-28180361806563427042019-11-22T00:32:00.001-08:002019-11-22T00:32:04.196-08:00ICT Mathematics Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsICT Mathematics Project - Essay Example Averages The mean, median and mode are the measures to determine the central tendency of test data. As the data sets are not grouped the mean is achieved through summing all values (x) of the test data and dividing by the total number of values (n) i.e. 500. Similarly the median for ungrouped data is estimated by finding the middle value of the test data when arranged in ascending order. Mode for ungrouped data is found by spotting out the most occurring value of the data set. In this case, mode for house is 146, while that for car is 0. Table 1 Mean, Median and Mode of Raw Datasets House Car Mean 354.174 276481.878 Median 359 217174 Mode 146 0 Using mode we can know which value mostly contributes in the mean value estimated. Standard Deviation and Variation Mean, median and mode give limited information about the data. E.g. two data sets having the same mean may be broadly apart in their value from one another. So, the measures of Standard Deviation (s) and Variation (v) were used t o estimate how far each value of the dataset is from the mean of the dataset. The high standard deviation and variance values of the car data indicates the wide spread of data from the mean. The relatively smaller standard deviation and variance value of the house indicates that the data lies relatively close on either sides of the mean as compared to the car. As the data sets are ungrouped, the formula used for estimating standard deviation was: Squaring the value of standard deviation gives us the Variation. Table 2 Variance and Standard Deviation of Raw Datasets House (in 10,000rmb) Car Variance 39872.45172 69623323280 Standard Deviation 199.6808747 263862.3188 Standard Deviation and Variance is used to understand what a normal value is for a data set. For example, using the mean value of House from Table 1 (i.e. 354) and considering the above table, the value of 199 indicates that all data values that generate SD value as 199 are normal values. Any value outside this range is co nsidered as an outlier i.e. House value is either too low or too high. Range and IQR The mean, median, mode, standard deviation and variance are not able to indicate the spread of the data. So, Range and IQR are two measures of spread. Through range of house and car, we would know the difference of the lowest and highest values. In case we wish to know the median of the middle 50% of data, we would use the Interquartile Range. This specialized version of range would tell us the difference of the middle values of the first and third halves (25th and 75th percentile) of the data that is arranged in ascending order. Table 3 gives the range and IQR of the datasets. Table 3 Range and IQR of Raw Datasets à House Car Range 689 998897 Q1 180 72017.5 Q3 515 339674.75 IQR 335 267657.25 The value of Range of car tells us the difference of the lowest and highest value of the entire data set. IQR, on the other hand, provides us with the range of only the middle 50% subset of the dataset. Diff erence of the two measures from Standard Deviation is that as SD considers all data points, so the effect of any outlier data points is accounted for as well while estimating the mean which is undesirable. With range the spread estimated is intended to include the outlier data points. With IQR, as only the middle points of data portions are considered, the extreme or outlier data points are ignored, unlike the standard deviation. Scatter Plot of Raw emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-36723011244160644542019-11-20T18:44:00.001-08:002019-11-20T18:44:05.808-08:00Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 34Essay Example This study will focus on one nation, the Iroquois, as a prime example. The Iroquois people, who called themselves Haudenosaunee envisioned their Nation as being one giant family. In truth they created a governing body that was a family of nations. The name, Haudenosaunee, which is used to refer to this Iroquois nation, means literally, "People of the Longhouse." They built long houses that were large structures creating a long hall and became the meeting place for local and distant chieftains and other dignitaries to speak, make laws, give announcements, etc. Some of these structures were hundreds of feet long for meeting of all the nations, while single villagesââ¬â¢ were less than fifty feet in length. However, the width and height of longhouses varied only slightly. Haudenosaunee longhouses were usually between twenty and thirty feet wide and the apex of their roofs were generally between eighteen to twenty feet high. The true center of longhouse family relationships revolved around the fireside family. (Johnson, 2003, p. 12) In fact their many c enturies old culture may have actually been the first congress of democracy in the Americaââ¬â¢s long before the Declaration of Independence or the United States Constitution. The Iroquois Nation was bound together by what is probably the worlds first constitution, known as the Gayanashagowa (Great Law of Peace). They are also touted as being the first true participatory democracy on the planet. (Benner, 2005, p. 32) They formed a United Nations among themselves. While our very recent constitution states that ââ¬Å"all men are created equal,â⬠in practice if certain people have something you need and do not want to give it up, then suddenly they are no longer people, savages and not men, but animals. While there had always been many disputes over the Native American, the Iroquois would find that in 1785 New York and its then Governor, George Clinton, along with a company called The New York Genesee emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-17827209293714328412019-11-18T19:49:00.001-08:002019-11-18T19:49:03.256-08:00Japanese history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsJapanese history - Essay Example Japanese modernization journey progressed further in the Meiji era. Meiji presented an enlightened system of leadership and served to emphasize Japanââ¬â¢s central control in the unequal treaties with Western countries (Waddell and Abe 40). During this period, the administration created a flexible pattern that allowed Japanese to effectively borrow and embrace experiences from other nations. Thus, it empowered technological advancements. The oligarchs too guided the country through beneficial modernization process. Important in this era is the promotion of nationalism and unity among citizens. Furthermore, education progressed patriotism and national pride. In addition, the era addressed shortcomings of the samurai. Despite the significant progress, Japan still experienced challenges. Taika reforms accentuated centralization and enhanced the authority of the imperial court. During the era, Japan rationalized Tââ¬â¢ang model, taxation, and land tenure system. Hence, Taika reforms played a crucial role towards rationalizing land and in forming network institutions that assisted the central government. To enhance order in the society, Kamakura shogunal system applied rule by the military aristocracy that occupied predominant local power. The system promoted valuation of land as a measure of wealth. However, it operated in perturbed tandem with the economic and political system positioned in Kyoto. It is also notable that even though the Emperor lacked authority to eliminate old order, he used the system to consolidate his power. emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-77231394334719349202019-11-16T08:22:00.001-08:002019-11-16T08:22:11.413-08:00Effectiveness of Exercise Programme to Prevent FallsEffectiveness of Exercise Programme to Prevent Falls This chapter deals with the information collected in relation to the present study through published and unpublished materials for foundation, to prepare and to carry out the research work. SECTION A: Reviews related to need of exercise programme SECTION B: Reviews related to effect of age on balance SECTION C: Reviews related to effect of exercise on balance A: Reviews related to needs of exercise programme. Gardner, M.M.et al., (2000) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of exercise programme in preventing falls. The design used for this study was controlled clinical trials. A total of 4933 older adults were participated, including both Men and women.11 trials met the criteria for inclusion, in which 8 of them were separate exercise interventions. Out of 8, five of them showed a significant reduction in falls rate. The conclusion of this study was, exercise is effective in reducing the fall risk in selected groups. Faber, MJ.et al.,(2006) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of exercise programme on mobility and falls among prefrail and frail older people. The design used for this study was multicenter randomized controlled study. The setting of the study was 15 long term care centers in Amsterdumin Netherland. 278 men and women (mean ageà ±SD, 85à ±6y) were included in the study. Exercise programmes were randomly distributed across 15 Homes. Each home participant was assigned to an intervention group and control group. The main outcome measures were performance oriented mobility assessment, physical performance score, and the Groningen activity restriction scale. Fall incidence was higher in control group 2.5 falls/year, but in case of experimental group2.4 falls/year. The conclusion of this study was fall incidences were higher in elderly people, who didnââ¬â¢t undergo exercise programme as compared to experimental group. Sherrington,C.et al.,(2008) conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis among old age people to assess the effectiveness of exercise programme on falls and to find out any particular components are associated with reduction in falls. The design used for this study was systematic review with Meta-analysis. Randomized controlled trials that compaired falls rate in older people of both experimental group and control group. The pooled estimate effect of exercise was that it reduces the incidence of falls rate by 17% with 95% confidence interval p Theou, O.et al., (2011) conducted a study to examine the effectiveness of current exercise programme on frailty management. The study design was systematic review. For the randomized controlled trial 8 electronic databases were searched, which helps to identify the participants were frail either in title, abstract, text, or in exercise. Three of the 47 studies utilized a validated definition of fragility to categorize the participants. Evidence suggested that exercise had a positive impact on functional ability outcomes. Cadore, E.L. et al., (2013) conducted a study to review the effect of exercise on functional ability of frail older adults. The study mainly focused on falls rate, lower body strength, and gait and balance. The data were collected from science direct, Medline from 1990-2012.Twenty studies were investigated, in that ten trials were mainly regarding the effect of exercise on balance performance and seven of them showed enhanced balance. As conclusion the authors says that there was great significance in multicomponent exercise intervention on gait ability, balance, strength, and reduction of falls rate among physically frail older adults. Fairhall,G., et al., (2006) conducted a study to examine the perspectives of older people in a community falls prevention programme. The design used for this study was grounded theory approach. The intervention was based on 2 hour sessions, which took place in a community group setting once a week for 7 weeks. The cohorts of the older people were recruited through editorials in local papers and from mail shots. The volunteering older persons were to be more than 70 years, with previous history of falls or have concerned about falling. Participants were interviewed after 3 months following the fall prevention programme. The participants were able to recall all the aspect of content learning during the programme. From those interventions, exercise was the only beneficial and enjoyable intervention to the participants. The conclusion of the study reveals that exercise is one of an important fall prevention programme. Seoa B.D et al., (2008) conducted a study to compare the effectiveness of resistance and balance exercise for the reduction of fall risk among elderly females above the age group of 65 years. The design adopted for the study was single blind controlled trial, conducted for 12 weeks with pre and post exercise assessment. Ninety-five participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: resistance-training group, balance training group, and control group. The first two group showed significant improvement in balance as compared to control group after the intervention(p Debolt, L.S et al., (2004) conducted a study to examine the effectiveness of home based resistance exercise programme on mobility, power and balance in people with multiple sclerosis. The study was conducted in general community. The design used for this study was experimental group design. The sample size was twenty seven.19 of them were women and 8 of them were men.The group randomly divided into experimental group and control group. Experimental group underwent resistance exercise programme and control group for normal physical activity. The results of the study assessed by using, mobility assessment with the Up and Go test scale and leg extensor power rig. According to pretest score 3.19 and for posttest score was 3.95. So the authors concluded that home based resistance exercise training is effective to improve the leg extensor power within a short period of time. B: Reviews related to the effects of age on balance Teimoori,A.et al., (2012) conducted a study to examine the age at which loss of muscle velocity, balance in adult healthy Iranian Females.928 Iranian female participated in this study. They were in the age group of 20-26 years. The participants were divided in to four age groups. Balance ,velocity were assessed for each group according to the age group and timed by digital stop watch. The study showed that, between the age group of 23-30 years the muscle velocity and balance were same. But in case of 40 age group balance and muscle velocity were declined. By using one way ANOVA test balance and muscle velocity were differed with pnd and 3rddecades.The authors identified that age, balance, and muscle velocity had significant relationship with aging Tiffani E et al., (2006) conducted a study to examine the association between measures of dynamic and static balance and performance of mobility task in elderly people of Western Carolina University. The design used was cross sectional analysis. The subjects were 195 community dwelling participants. Associations between balance and mobility measures were examined by using correlation and regression. Dynamic and static balance were moderately associated(r=-.462).Regression age and balance were significant predictors of walking speed outcome. The authors concluded that, assessment of dynamic and static balance is an important, to know the physical functioning and mobility of elderly people. Abrahamova,D. et al., conducted a study to examine aspects of balance control changes with age. The subjects participated for the study was between the age group (20-82).Centre of foot pressure positions used to evaluate body sway during a 50 second interval. Seven cop parameters were used to assess quiet stance and were analyzed in three groups. The regression analysis showed evident increase of body sway over 60 years of age. The normality of distribution of each cop parameter was examined by using the Kolmogorov ââ¬âsmirnov test. Mann Whitney test was used to analyze the differences between the age groups, if not normally distributed. If the cop parameters were normally distributed than two ways. ANOVA was used to analyze the differences between the age groups. The level of significance was set at p Gomes,M.M al., (2012) conducted a study to analyze the postural control at different age. The aim of the study is to evaluate static and dynamic balance as well as the pattern of muscle activation in elderly women from different age groups. A total of 57 women, divided in to 3 groups according to their age. Group 1(n) =17, group2 (n) =20, group3 (n) =20.The center of pressure were analyzed. According to the age group, the participants showed similar displacement and muscle activation during static posture and dynamic posture. As by conclusion, the study proved that aging had an influence on balance and posture among elderly group. Osama, B et al., (2004) conducted a study on 30 normal elderly individuals and 40 normal young adults between the age group of (20-40) years. The purpose of this study was to know the balance in elderly, and to compare postural stability, balance control and gait pattern in normal elderly persons to those of normal young adults. All participants were subjected to history taking, full routine balance test and functional test. When comparing the balance scales there was a significant difference between the two groups were noticed. (p=0.005).From this study, the results proved that there was a significant decrease in scores of different balance scales in elderly persons compared to young adults, besides that there was significant decrease in percent of maximum stability and was lesser in older subjects as compared to younger subjects C: Reviews related to effect of exercise on balance Knerl,CJ et al.,(2009) conducted a study to examine the effect of 6 weeks of balance training and strength training on dynamic balance in older adults.51 seniors were participated.(17male and 34 females) between the age group of 60 and 93 years. Participants were divided in to 4 groups. 3 treatment groups and one control group. Each group were tested on measures of dynamic balance, flexibility and strength before and after 6 weeks of the exercise programme by using the outcome measures like Fullerton advanced balance scale. Repeated ANOVAââ¬â¢S shows that upper body strength and lower body flexibility including balance increased significantly (p Gusi,et al., (2013) conducted a study to determine the effects of balance training protocol with the balance system in institutionalized older people. 40 older adults were involved in study. The experimental group completed 12 week balance training protocol,2 sessions per week. Both the groups ââ¬Ëreceived the same multidisciplinary care. The outcome measures were dynamic balance with the use of fall risk scale. The outcome measures were measured before and after the intervention. As compaired to control group, the experimental group had greater improvement at 12 weeks in case of dynamic balance. By conclusion the authors says that exercise programme was feasible on dynamic balance in institutionalized older people. More, T.S, Rao, K., et al., (2012) conducted a study to evaluate the effectiveness of 10 weeks of balance and strength training on dynamic balance of older adults. The study design was randomized controlled trial consists of 52 older adults between the age group of (60-75) years with having poor balance and strength. They were divided in to strength training group (Group A), balance training group (Group B) and combination group(Group C).The duration of the training programme was 10 weeks. Outcome measures used were berg balance scale and senior fitness scale. Within the group statistical analysis done by using paired t test within the groups, which shows that marked improvement in all age groups with (p Ullumen, G et al., (2010) conducted a study to examine the effects of exercise in improving balance, balance confidence and mobility in elderly people. The design used for this study was randomized control trial. The participants were randomly assigned to experimental group(n=25) and control group(n=22).The experimental group were attended 5 week of exercise programme,60 minutes 3 times per week. The outcome measures were (timed up and go), balance confidence scale, falls efficacy scale. Pretest and post test were conducted. After the intervention, in experimental group balance (p=0.030) and mobility (p=0.042) were increased, while fear of falling (p=0.042) decreased significantly. The participants of experimental group showed improvements in balance confidence (p=0.054).As by conclusion the researchers suggests that exercises are an effective way to improve mobility and balance, thus by reducing the risk of falling among community ââ¬âdwelling elderly people. Zamanian, F., (2011) conducted a study to investigate the effects of balance exercise training on fall risk and postural control among older adults especially women.40 elderly people were participated in this study. The static balance and fall risk were measured by using Tandem and semi-tandem test, berg balance scale questionare.The subjects were divided in to experimental group and control group. Experimental group underwent 8 weeks of exercise programme. The control group didnââ¬â¢t participate in any of training programme. Outcome measures were analyzed after the intervention. Comparison was carried out by using paired t test and independent t test and correlation analyzed by Pearson correlation. After balance training the ability of older women in semi tandem and in tandem position was (p=0.007) and (p=0.02) respectively. So from this study, the authors concluded that balance control improves the postural control and reduces the risk of fall in older women (p=0.001). Helbostard, JL et al., (2004) conducted a study to determine the effectiveness of home training exercises on functional abilities of old aged people with functional disabilities and balance problems. The design adopted for this Study was randomized trial with 77 persons aged 75 or more than that. Home training and combined training group were included in this study, for a period of 12 weeks. The exercises, rate of falls and balance functions were assessed with the outcome measures like Timed up and Go test, Maximum step length and timed pick up and sit to stand(p Bird, M et al.,(2009) conducted a study to examine the long term effects of a multicomponent exercise on balance ,mobility, and exercise behavior among healthy older adults between the age group of (65-75) years. The design used for the study was randomized control intervention. The duration of the study was 12 months. Differences between those subjects, who continued to exercise and those who discontinued were investigated. The subjects who continued exercise had significantly greater improvement in strength after the intervention as compaired to those who discontinued. (p=0.004) Bird, M.L et al., (2012) conducted a study to evaluate the effects of a Pilates intervention on balance and function among community dwelling older adults above 60 years. The design used was randomized cross over study for 16 weeks, conducted in university exercise clinic. Community dwelling older adults (n=32) were selected. Out of 32, 27 were completed the intervention. Participants were allocated to either 5 weeks of a group Pilates training intervention for experimental group and 5 weeks of usual activity for control. After the 6 week, subjects performed alternate intervention. The outcome measures were 4 square test and Timed up and Go test. The results revealed that there was a significant improvement in static and dynamic balance from pre post Pilates (p Bulat, T et al (2007) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of group functional balance training on balance outcomes in community dwelling elderly people. The study was conducted in Haley Veterans hospital in USA. The research design adopted for this study was one group pretest post-test. The participated study subjects were 51.These study subjects were participated in functional balance training programme once in a week and it lasts for a period of eight weeks.1 hour classes were conducted weekly ones.84% of elderly people were completed five or more classes weekly. The outcome measures were evaluated by using berg balance scale, Limits of stability, before and after the balance training classes. The result of the study reveals that, there was a significant improvement in the Berg Balance Scale (p emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7541655390174103993.post-2135417601906014012019-11-13T20:53:00.001-08:002019-11-13T20:53:03.298-08:00Vicos New Science: The Unity of Piety and Wisdom :: Philosophy Philosophical EssaysVico's New Science: The Unity of Piety and Wisdom ABSTRACT: In Vicoââ¬â¢s New Science wisdom is understood in a double sense. On the one hand, wisdom means the poetic wisdom that provides intelligibility for the peoples of the nations during their early stages of development. On the other hand, wisdom means the noetic knowledge gained by the Vichian scientist who contemplates concrete historicity in the light of the New Science. By means of an examination of three principle aspects of Vicoââ¬â¢s science, and by looking to his conception of the origin of the most rudimentary institutions of humanity, primordial pietyââ¬â fear of the mythic otherââ¬â is shown to be the origin of poetic wisdom. And, by focusing on the necessity of surmounting the conceit of scholars and the conceit of nations for a science of universal history, philosophical pietyââ¬â openness to the wholly Otherââ¬â is revealed as the ground of philosophical wisdom. This paper sets out to show how Vicoââ¬â¢s science of the principles of humani ty is, at the same time, a science of the unity of piety and wisdom. In the final paragraph of his magnum opus, the New Science, Giambattista Vico (1668-1744) provides a summarizing statement concerning the overall character of the work: Insomma, da tutto cià ² che si Ã
quest' opera ragionato, Ã
da finalmente conchiudersi che questa Scienza porta indivisiblmente seco lo studio della pietâ⬠¦, e che, se non siesi pio, non si puà ² daddovero esser saggio. [To sum up, from all that has been set forth in this work, it is to be finally concluded that this science carries inseparably with it the study of piety, and that he who is not pious cannot be truly wise.] Why did Vico conclude the New Science with the assertion that, from everything set forth in this work, this science carries inseparably with it the study of piety? And why did he choose to end the New Science with the declaration: "He who is not pious, cannot be truly wise"? In what sense is Vico's New Science a science of piety? Vico's conception of the ideal eternal historyââ¬â the universal pattern of the histories of all the nationsââ¬â signifies a passage from the traditional metaphysical conception of history, as the history of beings, to a metaphysic or science of the certain as the certain reflects or embodies the common nature of nations. This common nature of nations, moreover, is seen in the light of divine providence. emmasilva137http://www.blogger.com/profile/06308895351997696538noreply@blogger.com0